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BodyLog > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Define “Gland”

A

A cell or aggregate of cells, specialised for secretion of a substance

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2
Q

Compare the process of Holocrine and Apocrine Secretion

A

Holocrine: Product fills cell, organelles degenerate, cell dies, membrane breaks. Contents released into extracellular space

Apocrine: Lipid approaches cell surface, pushes against membrane, membrane wraps around droplet, membrane around droplet pinches off from cell

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3
Q

Compare the 2 types of Merocrine Secretion

A

Regulated: Secretory Product gathers in large vesicles, which are released by stimulation by Ca.

Constitutive: Product put in small vesicles, continuously released for membrane repopulation

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4
Q

What are the 3 steps in Transepithelial Transport

A
  1. Substanced endocytosed at one surface of cell
  2. Transport vesicle shuttles across cytoplasm
  3. Substanced exocytosed at opposite surface of cell
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5
Q

What is Glycosylation?

Why is it important?

A
  • Covalent attachment of sugars to proteins and lipids, by enzymes
  • Cell Signalling
  • Prevents protein, lipid digestion by intracellular proteases/ lipase
  • Aids protein folding
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6
Q

What are 4 methods of control of secretion

A

Negative feedback
Nervous
Endocrine
Neuro-endocrine

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7
Q

What are the 2 main organs of the endocrine system?

What are 6 things the Hypothalamus controls?

A
  • Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
  • Lactation
  • Circadian Rhythms
  • Thermoregulation
  • HR, BP
  • Emotion
  • Feeding, Satiety
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8
Q

Where is the Pitiuitary Gland?

Name 4 hormone products

A
  • Base of Brain
  • TSH
  • ADH
  • FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
  • LH ( Leutenising Hormone)
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9
Q

Where is the Thyroid gland? Name 2 hormone product

Where is the Parathyroid gland? Name 1 hormone product

A

Thyroid: Behind Trachea - T3, T4 hormones

Parathyroid: 4 glands On dorsal surface of thyroid- Parathormone (PTH)

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10
Q

Where is the Pancreas?

Name 3 ENDOCRINE products
What does the 3rd one do?

A

Left and behind of stomach

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin- Inhibits secretion of Insulin and Glucagon

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11
Q

Compare hormone levels in;

Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Grave’s
Hashimoto’s

A

Hyper: High T3, T4
Hypo: Low T3, T4
Grave’s: High T3, T4 Low TSH
Hashimoto’s: Low T3, T4 High TSH

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12
Q

Describe the duct hierarchy of pancreas

A

Intercalated ducts connect to Pancreatic duct

Pancreatic duct+ Bile duct= Common bile duct

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13
Q

What cells in pancreas secrete substances by exocrine?

Name 3 substances produced

A

Acinar cells

  • Amylase
  • Lipase
  • Trypsinogen
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14
Q

What is stress?

What is the stress response?

A

State of real or perceived threat to homeostasis

Complex range of responses to maintain homeostasis in the presence of aversive stimuli

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15
Q

What are the main effectors of the stress response?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary gland
Adrenal Gland

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16
Q

What are 3 effects of glucocorticoid release?

A

Immune system suppression
Proteins and fats converted to glucose
Increased blood sugar

17
Q

What are 2 effects of mineralcorticoid release

A

Retention of Na+ and H2O by kidneys

Increased blood volume and pressure

18
Q

What are 4 behavioural changes of stress response

A

Increased awareness
Improved cognition
Euphoria
Enhanced Analgesia

19
Q

Name 4 physiological changes of stress response

A

Increased blood pressure
Increased respiratory rate
Increased blood glucose
Decrease of vegetative functions

20
Q

What are Myoepithelial cells, what do they do?

A

Cells at end of secretory duct, squeeze glands to push secretions out of duct

21
Q

Compare single and compound glands

A

Single- Single unbranched gland

Compound- Ducts that branch repeatedly

22
Q

What 3 structures make up the Portal Triad

A
  • Hepatic artery
  • Bile duct
  • Portal vein
23
Q

Compare exocrine and endocrine functions of liver and pancreas cells

A

Pancreas; exocrine and endocrine functions by different cells

Liver: exocrine and endocrine functions by same cell

24
Q

Main Endo and Exocrine secretions of liver?

A

Endo- Albumin

Exo- Bile

25
Q

Which 2 types of substances can’t travel through portal vein

A

Fats

Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

26
Q

What 4 substances that are stored in liver

A

Iron
Glycogen
Vitamins
Copper

27
Q

What 4 substances are broken down in liver

A

Drugs
Hormones
Haemoglobin
Toxins

28
Q

What are 5 main liver functions

A 
Storage 
Catabolism 
Anabolism
Exocrine
Endocrine
29
Q

What are Kupffer cells

What do they do

A

Specialist macrophage lining the sinusoids

Trap, phagocytose old/ damaged RBCs and pathogens

30
Q

What are Stellate (Ito) cells

A

Cells that store Vitamin A in cytoplasmic vacuoles

31
Q

Describe what happens to Ito cells in Liver Cirrhosis in 3 steps

A
  1. Ito cells differentiate into Myofibroblasts
  2. Make, deposit colllagen in perisinusoidal space-> Liver Fibrosis
  3. Collagen surrounds and constricts portal vein-> Portal Hypertension

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