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BodyLog > Medical Imaging and Radiology > Flashcards

Medical Imaging and Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

2 examples of Plain Film Imaging

2 examples of Cross-Sectional Imaging

A

Plain: X-Ray, Fluoroscopy

Cross: CT, MRI

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2
Q

What is an X-Ray and how does it work?

A

Focused beam of high energy electrons, pass through body onto receiver

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3
Q

How do denser materials appear on an X-Ray and why?

A

Higher attenuation of electrons, so lighter appearance

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4
Q

Rank Air, Bone, Soft Tissue, Metal, Fat from Low to High Density

Which appear darkest and lightest on an X-Ray?

A 
Air (Darkest)
Fat
Soft Tissue
Bone 
Metal (Lightest)
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5
Q

List advantages and disadvantages of X-Rays

Give some uses of X-Rays

A

Pros:

  • Quick
  • Portable
  • Cheap

Cons:

  • Radiation
  • 2D (Can’t visualise all areas)
  • Poor soft tissue imaging

Uses: Looking for fractures and trauma

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6
Q

What is Fluoroscopy?

A

Uses a constant stream of X-rays, often enhanced by contrast (E.g Barium absorbs x-rays)

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7
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of Fluoroscopy

Give uses as well

A

Pros:

  • Cheap
  • Can be used during interventional procedures

Cons:

  • Radiation

Uses:

  • Angiography (Looking inside blood vessels, organs)
  • Screening in theatre
  • Contrast GI studies
  • Joint studies
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8
Q

How does Computed Tomography (CT) work?

What are it’s uses?

A
  • Rotating gantry
  • X-Ray tube on side, Detectors on the other

Uses:

  • Diagnosing (E.g. Cancer/ Strokes)
  • Monitor treatments (E.g Cancer)
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9
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of CT Scanning

A

Pros:

  • Quick, cheap
  • Good spatial resolution
  • Scan Most areas

Cons:

  • Radiation
  • Requires breath holding
  • Overused
  • Artefact Production
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10
Q

How does an MRI work?

A
  1. Magnetic field aligns H atoms, but some remain unmatched
  2. Radiofrequency Pulse applied-> Unmatched atoms absorb energy and spin
  3. Pulse removed-> Atoms spin back and release energy
  4. Energy converted to image by computer
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11
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of MRI

Give uses as well

A

Pros:

  • No Radiation
  • Good contrast resolution

Cons:

  • Expensive, Loud, Time consuming
  • Patients May not fit/ be claustrophobic

Uses:

  • Bones, Brain, Circulatory System, Organs
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12
Q

Compare T1 and T2 MRI scanning

A

T1:

Fat appears white, Water appears black

T2:

Water appears white, Fat appears black

  • T2= High signal H2O
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13
Q

What is Positron Emission Technology?
What is it often combined with?
Where is it used?
What are “hot spots”

A
  • Radionuclides decay, emitting positrons
  • Often combined with CT/ MRI

Hot Spots- Areas of High Glucose Metabolism

Used in Oncology

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14
Q

How does an Ultrasound work?

How do you determine Distance and Impedance?

A
  • High frequency sound waves reflected by tissues where density (Impedance) differs
  • Reflected waives detected by probe

Distance: Time taken for waves to return
Impedance: Proportion of waves that return

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15
Q

Explain Hyper, Hypo, Anechoic in an Ultrasound

A

Hyperechoic: More waves reflected= White
Hypoechoic: Less waves reflected= Grey
Anechoic: No waves reflected= Black

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16
Q

Explain how the Doppler Effect is used in Ultrasounds

A

Blood coming towards you: Increased frequency

Blood going away from you: Decreased frequency

17
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of Ultrasound

Give uses as well

A

Pros:

  • Cheap, portable
  • No Radiation
  • Real Time image

Cons:

  • Depends on operator
  • Can obscure deep structures
  • Low resolution

Uses:

  • Pregnancy
  • Body cavities
  • Solid Organs
18
Q

What is Radiology?

A

Science of medical imaging used to treat/ diagnose using ionising radiation

19
Q

What are contrast media and when are they used?

A

Substances used to help distinguish tissue types

Fluoroscopy
CT, MRI
Arteriograms

20
Q

Compare Positive and Negative contrast media

Give examples

A

Positive- Show up as white on scan (Barium, Iodine)

Negative- Show up as black on scan (Water, CO2, Air)

21
Q

What are the ideal factors for contrast media to be effective?

A
  1. Low osmolality and viscosity
  2. High water solubility
  3. Biologically inert
  4. Chemically stable
  5. Cost-effective
22
Q

How can contrast media be administered?

A
  1. Orally
  2. Rectally
  3. Intravenously
  4. Into cavities
23
Q

How is contrast media excreted?

What is it’s half life?

A
  • Gomerular Filtration (requires good kidney function)

- 30 to 60 mins

24
Q

Compare the two types of side effects of contrast media

A

Idiosyncratic:

  • Unpredictable, within 20 mins
  • Can be Mild, Moderate, Severe

Non-Idiosyncratic:

  • Predictable
  • Delayed Reactions of 30 mins to 7 days
25
Q

What is Interventional Radiology?

When can it be used? Give an example of each

Give an advantage of this technique

A

Minimally invasive procedures performed using image guidance

Used in DIAGNOSTICS (E.g. Angiograms)
Used in TREATMENTS (E.g. Angioplasty)

Reduced infection rates, recovery times (Reduced trauma to patient)

26
Q

What is Nuclear Medicine?
What is it often used with?

What is it used for?
Give one disadvantage

A

Administration of radiopharmaceuticals
Often used with CT

To display Physiological Function (E.g blood flow to heart)

Con: Limited anatomical detail

BodyLog (11 decks)

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