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BodyLog > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 periods of development? What weeks are these

A

Pre-embryonic: Weeks 1,2
Embryonic: Weeks 3-8
Foetal: Weeks 9-38

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2
Q

Compare Embryonic and Gestational Age

A

Embryonic: Time since fertilisation

Gestational: Time since last menstruation

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3
Q

Where is the Oocyte fertilised by Sperm cell

A

Ampulla of Fallopian tubes

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4
Q

What 5 processes occur in Week 1

A 
Cleavage
Morula Formation
Compaction
Hatching 
Implantation
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5
Q

What is cleavage? What happens in this process

A

First mitotic division, produces 2 blastomeres, Zona Pellucida formed

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6
Q

What is the Zona Pellucida

A

A glycoprotein shell that keeps sperm from penetrating the blastomeres

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7
Q

What is a blastomere

A

Every embryonic cell formed after cleavage, until a blastocyst is produced

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8
Q

What is a Morula?

A

A ball of 16 blastomeres that are totipotent

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9
Q

What is Compaction

Describe the cell potency

A

Formation of the first cavity, and the Blastocyst

Pluripotent- Can become many types. (Not all types- totipotent)

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10
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

A hollow sphere of cells formed from the morula through compaction

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11
Q

Wha happens in the hatching stage

What is the blastocyst now able to do?

A

Blastocyst hatches from the Zona Pellucida

Blastocyst can now enlarge and implant on the uterine surface

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12
Q

What happens as implantation begins?

A

There’s now 100 cells

8 make the embryo
92 help development of fetal membranes

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13
Q

What 3 things happen on Day 8

A
  • Embryoblast differentiates into Epiblast and Hypoblast
  • Trophoblast differentiates into Synctio-/ Cytotrophoblsst
  • Amniotic cavity formed
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14
Q

What 2 things happen on days 9-10

A
  • Synctiotrophoblast develops rapidly

- Primitive yolk sac formed

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15
Q

What happens on Day 11

A

Primitive yolk sac membrane pushed away from Cytotrophoblast by extraembryonic reticulum

Extraembryonic mesoderm formed from extraembryonic reticulum

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16
Q

What 2 things happen on day 12

A
  • Maternal sinusoids invaded by lacunae of Synctiotrophoblast
  • Uterine stroma (layer of connective tissue) prepares to support embryo
17
Q

What happens on Days 13-14

A

13: Secondary Yolk Sac Forms by pinching off Primitive Sac

14: Spaces in Extraembryonic Mesoderm join-> Chorionic Cavity
Embryo and it’s cavities are suspended by Connecting Stalk

18
Q

Define;

  1. Gastrulation
  2. Germ layer
  3. Primitive Streak
A
  1. The differentiation of Bilaminar into Trilaminar Disc
  2. Group of embryonic cells that interact with each other and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues
  3. Thickened region of Epiblast at Caudal end of bilaminar disk. Site from which Gastrulation begins
19
Q

What are the 5 stages of Early Development

A
  1. Fertilisation and Implantation
  2. Gastrulation
  3. Neurulation
  4. Segmentation
  5. Folding
20
Q

Describe the derivatives of the Ectoderm layer

Give 2 examples

A

Structures that maintain contact with outside world

Epidermis
Nervous system

21
Q

Describe the derivatives of the Mesoderm layer

Give 4 examples

A

Supporting tissues

Muscle
Bones
Cartilage
Vascular System

22
Q

Describe the derivatives of the Endoderm layer

Give 3 examples

A

Internal structures

Epithelial lining of GI tract and Respiratory Tract
Parenchyma of glands

23
Q

What process is Migration and Invagination part of?

Describe the process

A

Gastrulation

Epiblast cells migrate to Primitive Streak and move through tight junctions, displacing the Hypoblast layer

24
Q

What is responsible for establishing left-right asymmetry

How does this happen?

A

Primitive node
Actions of ciliated cells result in left-ward flow of signalling molecules, leading to a cascade of side-specific signals

25
Q

What is situs invertus?

How does it occur

A

Is when internal organs are reversed/ mirror image

Occurs due to immotile cilia at Primitive Node

26
Q

What is the notochord

What is it’s role

A

Solid rod of cells running in the midline, with an important signalling role

27
Q

What does the Notochord convert

What do notochord signals cause?

A
  • Ectoderm to Neuroectoderm

- Cause Ectoderm to thicken, forming NEURAL PLATE, whose edges curl up to form Neural Tube

28
Q

What is Teratogenesis

What is the Intraembryonic Coelom

A

Major congenital malformation

A cavity( between Somatic and Splanchnic Mesoderm) into which organs can grow

29
Q

What 5 things does the Mesoderm differentiate into?

A
  1. Parasail Mesoderm
  2. Intermediate Mesoderm
  3. Somatic Mesoderm
  4. Splanchnic Mesoderm
  5. Intraembryonic Coelom
30
Q

What make up the Lateral Mesoderm (Differentiated from mesoderm)

A

Splanchnic and Somatic Mesoderm leaves

31
Q

What happens to the Notochord in adult life?

A

Has no function

Forms Nucleus Pulposus of intervertebral disc

32
Q

What do the Splanchnic and Somatic Mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Splanchnic- Viscera

Somatic- Connective Tissue of body

33
Q

What structures are formed from the Paraxial Mesoderm, and how many?

A

Somites

44-44 made, but ONLY 31 remain

34
Q

Describe how somites undergo ORGANISED DEGENERATION to form Sclerotome, Dermatome, Myotome.

What do these 3 end up as?

A
  1. Ventral walls of somites break down—> Sclerotome->Bones
  2. Further organisation of dorsal potion->Dermomyotome
  3. Myotome proliferates and migrates, Dermatome disperses

Myotome- Muscles
Dermatome- Dermis

35
Q

What are the 2 folding types the trilaminar disc undergoes

A
  • Cephalocaudal

- Lateral

36
Q

What are the results of folding?

A
  • Connecting stalk pulled ventrally
  • Ventral body wall created
  • Amniotic membrane pulled around disc
  • Draws together the margins of the Trilaminar disc
37
Q

What has happened by the end of week 4?

A
  • Nervous system has started to form
  • Segments have appeared, assigning specific cells to specific tasks
  • Embryo has folded
38
Q

Bleeding on Day ______ can be mistaken for menstrual bleeding

A

Day 14 (Chorionic cavity and connecting stalk form)

BodyLog (11 decks)

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