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2019 - Biology > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 PARTS OF HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

CENTRAL

PERIPHERAL

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2
Q

CNS

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

consists of nerves that conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain

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4
Q

EFFECTORS

A

organs that respond to the original stimulus

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5
Q

RECEPTORS

A

detect stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses

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6
Q

NEURONS

A

the structural units of the nervous system that are able to conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

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7
Q

NEUROGLIA

A

connective tissue between the neurons for support

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8
Q

NEURON STRUCTURE

A
  • same basic structure as any other animal cell (membrane, cytopl, nucleus)
  • has a cell body, axons and dendrites
  • myelin sheath
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9
Q

MYELIN SHEATH FUNCTION

A

insulates nerve fibres and accelerates transmission of nerve impulses

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10
Q

MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

A

many outgrowths, usually multiple dendrites and one axon

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11
Q

BIPOLAR NEURONS

A

two outgrowths, 1 dendrite, 1 axon

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12
Q

UNIPOLAR NEURONS

A

one outgrowth that branches into two

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13
Q

SENSORY/AFFERENT NEURONS

A

conduct nerve impulses from receptors to CNS

mostly unipolar

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14
Q

MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS

A

conduct nerve impulses from CNS to effectors and are multipolar

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15
Q

INTERNEURONS

A

connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS; multipolar

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16
Q

DIFFS BETWEEN SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS

A 
S - unipolar                  M - multi
S - from receptor to CNS
M - from CNS to effectors
S - axon and dendrite have myelin sheaths
M - only axon has myelin sheath
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17
Q

NERVE STRUCTURE

A
  • numerous nerve fibers surrounded by a connective tissue
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18
Q

ENDONEURIUM

A

thin layer of connective tissue that surround individual nerve fibres

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19
Q

PERINEURIUM

A

connective tissue which binds together bundles of nerve fibres

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20
Q

EPINEURIUM

A

a sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a number of nerve bundles to form a single nerve

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21
Q

PROTECTION OF THE CNS

A
  • surrounded by bone, brain enclosed in skull and spinal cord protected by the vertebral column
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22
Q

MAIN FUNCTION OF CNS

A

to receive nerve impulses, interpret the info and transmit it to effectors to bring about a response

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23
Q

THREE MENINGES

A

envelope the brain

- pia mater, dura mater and arachnoid membrane

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24
Q

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

A

fills up the space between pia mater and arachnoid membrane

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25
Q

FUNCTIONS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

A
  • shock absorption
  • removes waste
  • supplies neurons with nutrients and oxygen
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26
Q

GREY MATTER

A

consists of darker cell bodies and dendrites of neurons (mostly on the outside of brain and surrounds white matter)

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27
Q

WHITE MATTER

A

consist of myelinated axons that appear white due to fatty myelin sheaths that enclose the axons

28
Q

BRAIN

A 
cerebrum
corpus callosum
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
midbrain, pons
thalamus, hypothalamus
pituitary gland
29
Q

CEREBRUM

A

largest part of the brain

30
Q

CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

the outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of grey matter

31
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM

A
  • origin of all voluntary actions
  • receives and interprets nerve impulses from sense organs
  • location of higher mental functions (memory, intelligence)
32
Q

CORPUS CALLOSUM

A
  • c-shaped structure between the two halves of the cerebrum

- consists of white matter as it is made of a bundle of axons

33
Q

CORPUS CALLOSUM FUNCTIONS

A
  • conducts impulses between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
  • forms a communication bridge between the hemispheres to coordinate processes
34
Q

CEREBELLUM

A

behind and below cerebrum

grey matter situated on the outside of the white matter

35
Q

CEREBELLUM FUNCTIONS

A

controls all voluntary actions

controls muscle tone to maintain balance and posture

36
Q

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

an extension of the spinal cord that has the same structure, grey matter on the inside, white on outside

37
Q

MED OBL FUNCTIONS

A

transmits nerve impulses between spinal cord and brain

controls autonomic functions

38
Q

AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS

A

breathing rate and depth
peristalsis and vomiting
heartbeat

39
Q

SPINAL CORD

A

extends from med obl to lumbar region, consists of central canal, dorsal and ventral root, ganglion

40
Q

GANGLION

A

the cell bodies of sensory neurons that occur in a swelling of the dorsal root

41
Q

DORSAL ROOT

A

consists of sensory neurons conducting impulses from receptors to spinal cord

42
Q

VENTRAL ROOT

A

motor neurons conducting away from spinal cord

43
Q

SPINAL CORD FUNCTIONS

A

provides pathway for nerve impulses to and from brain

contains reflex centres that initiate reflex functions

44
Q

MOTOR NERVES SUBDIVIDED INTO

A

Somatic nervous system - from CNS to voluntary muscles

Autonomic nervous system - from CNS to involuntary mmusc

45
Q

12 PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES

A

connected to brain and can be sensory motor or mixed

46
Q

31 PAIRS OF SPINAL CORD NERVES

A

all mixed nerves joined to spinal cord via dorsal and ventral root

47
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PNS

A

conducts nerve impulses via motor and sensory neurons

48
Q

REFLEX ACTION

A

a quick automatic response of an effector to a stimulus

takes place subconsciously and has a protective function

49
Q

REFLEX ARC

A

the pathway along which nerve imulses are carried

50
Q

PARTS OF REFLEX ARC

A

receptor, sensory/inter/motor neurons, effector

51
Q

SIGNIFICANCE OF REFLEX ARC

A

the rapid reflex reaction is to protect and prevents the overload of the higher centres of the brain

52
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVIDES INTO

A

SYMPATHETIC

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

53
Q

SYMPATHETIC

A

prepares the body for emergency and increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates pupils

54
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC

A

returns body to normal, reverses all the other ones

55
Q

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

A

an irreversable brain disease that gradually worsens, resulting in memory loss and decreased intellectual abilities

56
Q

ALZHEIMER’S SYMPTOMS

A
  • initially normal ageing or stress symptoms
  • unreliable memory, leading to loss & confusion
  • agro, mood swings
  • decreased speaking ability
57
Q

TREATMENT & CAUSES OF ALZHEIMER’S

A
  • no available treatment to slow down the progression of the disease
  • helping in maintaining mental functions
  • controlling behavioral symptoms
58
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A
  • a condition that affects the neurons of the brain & spinal cord, and causes permanent damages to nerves
59
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS CAUSES

A

can affect anyone, but more prevalent in white females betw 20-40
- genetic factors play some part

60
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS S&T

A
  • loss of speech, inability to walk, loss of vision
  • no cure, treatment focuses on minimizing symptoms & slowing the progress
  • muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatories, physical therapy
61
Q

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

A

caused by an external blow to the head, leads to concussions and bruising

62
Q

ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY

A

internal damage caused to the cells, stroke, cancer, infection

63
Q

BRAIN DAMAGE SYMPTOMS

A

concussion, headaches, numbness

64
Q

BRAIN DAMAGE EFFECTS

A

eating disorders
personality changes
speech/writing problems

65
Q

SPINAL DAMAGE CAUSES

A

trauma (accidents, violence, falling)

disease (polio, arthritis, cancer)

66
Q

SPINAL DAMAGE SYMPTOMS & EFFECTS

A

S: pain, breathing diff, muscle spasms
E: paralysis, chronic pain

67
Q

REPAIRING BRAIN & SPINAL INJURIES

A

no cure, lots of research being done, good progress

medication to reduce swelling
stem cell transfer
rehabilitation

2019 - Biology (13 decks)

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