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2019 - Biology > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

2 PARTS OF HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

CENTRAL

PERIPHERAL

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2
Q

CNS

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

consists of nerves that conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain

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4
Q

EFFECTORS

A

organs that respond to the original stimulus

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5
Q

RECEPTORS

A

detect stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses

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6
Q

NEURONS

A

the structural units of the nervous system that are able to conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

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7
Q

NEUROGLIA

A

connective tissue between the neurons for support

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8
Q

NEURON STRUCTURE

A
  • same basic structure as any other animal cell (membrane, cytopl, nucleus)
  • has a cell body, axons and dendrites
  • myelin sheath
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9
Q

MYELIN SHEATH FUNCTION

A

insulates nerve fibres and accelerates transmission of nerve impulses

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10
Q

MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

A

many outgrowths, usually multiple dendrites and one axon

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11
Q

BIPOLAR NEURONS

A

two outgrowths, 1 dendrite, 1 axon

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12
Q

UNIPOLAR NEURONS

A

one outgrowth that branches into two

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13
Q

SENSORY/AFFERENT NEURONS

A

conduct nerve impulses from receptors to CNS

mostly unipolar

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14
Q

MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS

A

conduct nerve impulses from CNS to effectors and are multipolar

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15
Q

INTERNEURONS

A

connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS; multipolar

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16
Q

DIFFS BETWEEN SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS

A 
S - unipolar                  M - multi
S - from receptor to CNS
M - from CNS to effectors
S - axon and dendrite have myelin sheaths
M - only axon has myelin sheath
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17
Q

NERVE STRUCTURE

A
  • numerous nerve fibers surrounded by a connective tissue
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18
Q

ENDONEURIUM

A

thin layer of connective tissue that surround individual nerve fibres

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19
Q

PERINEURIUM

A

connective tissue which binds together bundles of nerve fibres

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20
Q

EPINEURIUM

A

a sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a number of nerve bundles to form a single nerve

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21
Q

PROTECTION OF THE CNS

A
  • surrounded by bone, brain enclosed in skull and spinal cord protected by the vertebral column
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22
Q

MAIN FUNCTION OF CNS

A

to receive nerve impulses, interpret the info and transmit it to effectors to bring about a response

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23
Q

THREE MENINGES

A

envelope the brain

- pia mater, dura mater and arachnoid membrane

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24
Q

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

A

fills up the space between pia mater and arachnoid membrane

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25
FUNCTIONS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
- shock absorption - removes waste - supplies neurons with nutrients and oxygen
26
GREY MATTER
consists of darker cell bodies and dendrites of neurons (mostly on the outside of brain and surrounds white matter)
27
WHITE MATTER
consist of myelinated axons that appear white due to fatty myelin sheaths that enclose the axons
28
BRAIN
``` cerebrum corpus callosum cerebellum medulla oblongata midbrain, pons thalamus, hypothalamus pituitary gland ```
29
CEREBRUM
largest part of the brain
30
CEREBRAL CORTEX
the outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of grey matter
31
FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM
- origin of all voluntary actions - receives and interprets nerve impulses from sense organs - location of higher mental functions (memory, intelligence)
32
CORPUS CALLOSUM
- c-shaped structure between the two halves of the cerebrum | - consists of white matter as it is made of a bundle of axons
33
CORPUS CALLOSUM FUNCTIONS
- conducts impulses between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum - forms a communication bridge between the hemispheres to coordinate processes
34
CEREBELLUM
behind and below cerebrum | grey matter situated on the outside of the white matter
35
CEREBELLUM FUNCTIONS
controls all voluntary actions | controls muscle tone to maintain balance and posture
36
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
an extension of the spinal cord that has the same structure, grey matter on the inside, white on outside
37
MED OBL FUNCTIONS
transmits nerve impulses between spinal cord and brain | controls autonomic functions
38
AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS
breathing rate and depth peristalsis and vomiting heartbeat
39
SPINAL CORD
extends from med obl to lumbar region, consists of central canal, dorsal and ventral root, ganglion
40
GANGLION
the cell bodies of sensory neurons that occur in a swelling of the dorsal root
41
DORSAL ROOT
consists of sensory neurons conducting impulses from receptors to spinal cord
42
VENTRAL ROOT
motor neurons conducting away from spinal cord
43
SPINAL CORD FUNCTIONS
provides pathway for nerve impulses to and from brain | contains reflex centres that initiate reflex functions
44
MOTOR NERVES SUBDIVIDED INTO
Somatic nervous system - from CNS to voluntary muscles | Autonomic nervous system - from CNS to involuntary mmusc
45
12 PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES
connected to brain and can be sensory motor or mixed
46
31 PAIRS OF SPINAL CORD NERVES
all mixed nerves joined to spinal cord via dorsal and ventral root
47
FUNCTIONS OF PNS
conducts nerve impulses via motor and sensory neurons
48
REFLEX ACTION
a quick automatic response of an effector to a stimulus | takes place subconsciously and has a protective function
49
REFLEX ARC
the pathway along which nerve imulses are carried
50
PARTS OF REFLEX ARC
receptor, sensory/inter/motor neurons, effector
51
SIGNIFICANCE OF REFLEX ARC
the rapid reflex reaction is to protect and prevents the overload of the higher centres of the brain
52
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVIDES INTO
SYMPATHETIC | PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS
53
SYMPATHETIC
prepares the body for emergency and increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates pupils
54
PARASYMPATHETIC
returns body to normal, reverses all the other ones
55
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
an irreversable brain disease that gradually worsens, resulting in memory loss and decreased intellectual abilities
56
ALZHEIMER'S SYMPTOMS
- initially normal ageing or stress symptoms - unreliable memory, leading to loss & confusion - agro, mood swings - decreased speaking ability
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TREATMENT & CAUSES OF ALZHEIMER'S
- no available treatment to slow down the progression of the disease - helping in maintaining mental functions - controlling behavioral symptoms
58
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
- a condition that affects the neurons of the brain & spinal cord, and causes permanent damages to nerves
59
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS CAUSES
can affect anyone, but more prevalent in white females betw 20-40 - genetic factors play some part
60
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS S&T
- loss of speech, inability to walk, loss of vision - no cure, treatment focuses on minimizing symptoms & slowing the progress - muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatories, physical therapy
61
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
caused by an external blow to the head, leads to concussions and bruising
62
ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY
internal damage caused to the cells, stroke, cancer, infection
63
BRAIN DAMAGE SYMPTOMS
concussion, headaches, numbness
64
BRAIN DAMAGE EFFECTS
eating disorders personality changes speech/writing problems
65
SPINAL DAMAGE CAUSES
trauma (accidents, violence, falling) | disease (polio, arthritis, cancer)
66
SPINAL DAMAGE SYMPTOMS & EFFECTS
S: pain, breathing diff, muscle spasms E: paralysis, chronic pain
67
REPAIRING BRAIN & SPINAL INJURIES
no cure, lots of research being done, good progress medication to reduce swelling stem cell transfer rehabilitation

2019 - Biology (13 decks)

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