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2019 - Biology > GENETICS > Flashcards

GENETICS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

GENETICS

A

the study of heredity and variation in living organisms

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2
Q

HOW HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTICS ARE TRANSFERRED

A

by gametes through the fusion of the male and female gametes

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3
Q

GENOME

A

the complete set of genes of a particular organism / it is a copy of all the essential DNA coding required to synthesize all the proteins the organism needs

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4
Q

MENDEL’S LAW OF DOMINANCE

A

if two alleles are different, only the dominant one will be expressed

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5
Q

GENOTYPE

A

the composition of the gene pair for a specific trait

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6
Q

PHENOTYPE

A

the observable physical characteristic

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7
Q

HOMOZYGOUS

A

when the two alleles are the same (TT, tt)

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8
Q

HETEROZYGOUS

A

when the two alleles are diff (Tt)

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9
Q

MENDEL’S LAW OF SEGREGATION

A

during meiosis, homologous chromsomes pairs seperate. thus each gamete that is produced receives only one allele of a gene pair.

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10
Q

MONOHYBRID CROSSES

A

a cross where only one hereditary characteristic is investigated at a time

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11
Q

P1 GENERATION

A

the two parents that are originally crossed

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12
Q

WHEN DO THE TWO CHROMOSOMES OF THE HOM PAIR SEPERATE

A

during Anaphse I

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13
Q

F1 GENERATION

A

the first gen offspring

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14
Q

COMPLETE DOMINANCE

A

when only the dominant allele is observed

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15
Q

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

A

when two homo individuals are crossed and the offspring’s phenotype expresses an intermediate form of the two rents’ characteristics (neither allele is dominant)
(diff letters are used for each charact)

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16
Q

CO-DOMINANCE

A

when both characteristics are visible when both alleles of the gene pair are equally dominant

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17
Q

BLOOD GROUPS

A

A - IᴬIᴬ or Iᴬi
B - IᴮIᴮ or Iᴮi
AB - IᴬIᴮ
O - ii

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18
Q

DIHYBRID CROSSES

A

where two pairs of contrasting characteristics, carried on diff homologous pairs, are crossed

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19
Q

MENDEL’S LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

A

The alleles of different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

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20
Q

AUTOSOMES

A

the 22 chromosome pairs with similar shape of the 23 that humans have

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21
Q

GONOSOMES

A

aka sex chromosomes

are the 23rd pair which is responsible for sex determination

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22
Q

SEX CHROMOSOMES

A

XX - female

XY - male

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23
Q

SEX-LINKED GENES

A

X chromosome, which is larger and can carry many other genes

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24
Q

MUTATIONS

A

a change in the genetic composition of an organism

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25
Q

GENE MUTATIONS

A

this occurs as a result in a change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA molecule

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26
Q

WHEN DO GENE MUT OCCUR

A
  • DNA replication
  • transcription of DNA to mRNA
  • crossing over during Metaphase I
27
Q

TYPES OF GENE MUTATIONS

A
  • substitution
  • inversion
  • deletion
  • insertion
28
Q

SUBSTITUTION

A

a gene mutation where one nit base is replaced by another (only one amino acid is altered)

29
Q

INVERSION

A

a gene mutation where one or more base triplets are inverted

30
Q

DELETION

A

a gene mutation where one or more nit bases are lost and may result in a frame shift. after this all the base triplets are altered

31
Q

INSERTION

A

a gene mutation where one or more nit bases are inserted as a result of a frame shift

32
Q

HARMLESS GENE MUTATIONS

A

mutations in the non-coding DNA and do not affect the synthesis of proteins; may be passed on to future generations

33
Q

HARMFUL GENE MUTATIONS

A

cause genetic disorders and are autosomal recessive

eg.) albinism, sickle cell anaemia

34
Q

GENETIC PEDIGREES/LINEAGES

A

the inheritance of characteristics in families over several gens

35
Q

HAEMOPHILIA

A

blood does not clot

Sufferers can bleed to death if injured

36
Q

COLOR BLINDLESS

A

Sufferers cannot distinguish colours properly

E.g. red from green, blue from yellow

37
Q

DNA TESTING

A

the process whereby medical tests are used to identify changes in chromo and genes / trace changes associated w hereditary disorders

38
Q

GENETIC COUNSELLING

A

takes place after genetic testing has confirmed the occurrence or risk of a genetic disorder

39
Q

mtDNA

A
  • occurs in the mitochondria and is circle

- much shorter than chromosomal DNA

40
Q

GENETIC ENGINEERING

A
  • the direct manipulation of genes in an organism to obtain a desired characteristic
  • can also replace faulty or missing genes that cause issues
41
Q

TRANSGENIC ORGANISM

A

the organism receiving the gene

42
Q

GMOs

A
  • genetically modified organisms

- utilized in a variety of human activities to improve quality of life or productivity

43
Q

IMPORTANCE OF GMOs and GEN ENG

A

plays a role in:

  • synthesis of medical drugs
  • cloning
  • stem cell research
  • insulin production in medicine
  • vaccine production
44
Q

ADV OF GMOS

A
  • larger better yields and stronger crops
  • cheaper for farmers
  • inc shelf life
45
Q

DISADV OF GMOS

A
  • can cause allergies in humans
  • decreases biodiversity
  • can become unaffordably expensive
46
Q

BIOTECHNOLOGY

A

a field of study that uses living organisms and their biological processes to develop technology
eg.) producing vaccines, biofuels, antibiotics, improving crop productivity

47
Q

CLONING

A

the process in which a genetically identical replica of something is created

48
Q

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

A

the technique used to produce an animal w the same DNA as another animal

49
Q

STEM CELL RESEARCH

A

studies which help to find a better quality of life to people with brain or spinal injuries

50
Q

STEM CELLS

A
  • simple, undifferentiated somatic cells
  • not specialized
  • come from inner cell mass of embryo, foetus from terminated pregnancy
51
Q

USE OF STEM CELLS

A

treating spinal injuries

replacing damaged tissues

52
Q

ADULT STEM CELLS

A

differentiate to replace and repaired damaged or diseased tissue of the same type

53
Q

HOW ADULT STEM CELLS ARE OBTAINED

A

obtained from bone marrow, brain, blood

54
Q

MULTIPOTENT CELLS

A

differentiate into a limited number of related tissues

55
Q

THREE TYPES OF CLONING

A

DNA, reprodcutive, therapeutic

56
Q

DNA CLONING

A

transfer of a DNA segment fromone organism to a self-replicating structure

57
Q

THERAPEUTIC CLOTHING

A

embryo cloning

produced for research purposes

58
Q

viewpoints against cloning

A

unnatural
decreases genetic variation
harmful genes may be transferred to other gens

59
Q

viewpoints for cloning

A
  • may provide hope for couples who can’t have children
  • may eliminate diseases
  • imp food prod
60
Q

VECTOR

A

an organism that transfers something

61
Q

RECOMBINANT DNA

A

the formation of a new DNA sequence in the recipient cell

62
Q

ALLELES

A

alternative forms of the same gene

63
Q

multiple alleles

A

when a gene has more than two possible alleles to control a hereditary characteristic

64
Q

polygenic characteristics

A

a hereditary characteristic controlled by more than one gene pair at different loci

2019 - Biology (13 decks)

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