HUMAN REPRODUCTION Flashcards
male reproductive system consists of
testes
tubules for sperm transport
accessory glands
penis
testes
- primary male sex organs
- 2-3 deg less than normal body temp for optimum sperm prod
- oval shaped glands that are enclosed in the scrotum
testes internal
- divided into small lobules which contain seminiferous tubules which are lined with germinal epithelium
- these divide and give rise to sperm in spermatogenesis
Sertoli cells
- what a few germinal epithelium cells develop into
- provide food for developing sperm
cells of Leydig
- surround the seminiferous tubules
- produce testosterone
testes functions
- produce and release sperm
- produce testosterone
epididymis
- what seminiferous tubules join to form
- at the back of testes, have a mucous membrane
- where sperm matures and is stored
- muc mem secretes a substance that helps w movement of sperm
vas deferens
- a continuation of epididymis, opens in the urethra at the ampulla
- transports sperm by means of peristaltic movements from epididymis to urethra
ejaculatory duct
- where the ampulla of the vas deferens leads to
- force the semen along the urethra to the exterior through muscle fiber contraction
urethra
- ejaculatory ducts which join and open to the exterior
- transports urine and semen to the exterior
accessory glands
seminal vesciles
prostate gland
cowper’s gands
penis
seminal vesicles
two sac-like structures connected to the ampulla
seminal vesicles function
secretion of the mucous membrane provides fructose / food for sperm
prostate gland
a conical gland situated against the bladder, surrounds the urethra
functions of prostate gland
secretes prostate fluid that ensures sperm motility and protects sperm from the acidity of the urethra & vag
cowper’s glands
two small glands on either side of the urethra
- clears the urethra of urine residue
- lubricates penis head
- also helps w sperm motility
penis
- male sex organ
- consists of a head and a shaft
- transfers sperm from male to female
glans penis
cone shaped head, partially covered by foreskin
parts of the shaft
corpus cavernosa
corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernosa
2 columns of erectile tissue which make up the upper part of the penis
corpus spongiosum
1 column of erectile tissue which surrounds the urethra
erectile tissue
fills w blood during arousal which causes an erection
puberty in boys
12ish, hypophysis secretes/releases LH and FSH
- inc muscle mass
- deeper voice
- sperm production
female reproductive system
ovaries
vulva
organs resp for the transport and care of ovum and zygote
fallopian tubes
- two tubes which extend from each ovary to uterus
- walls are lined w ciliated epithelium
fallopian tube functions
- site of fertilization and zygote division
- transport ovum and dev zygote in direction of uterus by means of sweeping actions and peristalsis
uterus
- hollow, pear-shaped organ which narrows into the cervix
uterus layers
serous layer
muscular layer
endometrium (mucous membrane) lines inside of ut
endometrium
thickens in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized ovum
function of uterus
resp for the care of the embryo from implantation to birth
vagina
muscular tube that opens to the exterior through the vulva
vagina functions
forms birth canal to deliver baby, where sperm is released
puberty in girls
10-12, ovaries start secreting oes and prog
- breast development
- hips widen
- height inc
gametogenesis
gamete formation in the gonads
spermatogenesis
sperm formation from the cells which line the seminiferous tubules of the testes
oogenesis
ova formation from the cells which form the outer layer of the ovaries
ovarian cycle (ovulation)
- development of primary follicles into Graafian follicles
- rupturing of the follicle and immature ovum release
- formation of the corpus luteum
ovarian cycle at puberty
- more FSH is secreted, and the follicles develop (p>s>t)
- only one follicle develops to full maturity in each cycle
- matured = Graafian, moves to ovary surface where it inc in size, an immature ovum is released
ovulation
- 14th day after menstruation
- stimulated by LH
uterine cycle (menstruation)
endometrium (uterus lining) undergoes monthly changes
- oes and prog thicken the endometrium, and this is not needed for implantation if fertilization does not occur
- upper layers break down, discarded w the immature ovum and exit the body through the cervix & vag
hormonal control of menstruation cycle
FSH is secreted which develops follicles which secrete oestrogen which inhibits FSH rel & stimulates endometrial tissue growth
role of progesterone
- plays a role in the thickening of endometrium
- inhibits FSH & LH release
negative feedback in menstrual cycle
inc oes, inhibits FSH release = prevents further follicle development
inc prog, inhibits LH release = prevents further follicle development & ovulation
pregnancy
the period from fertilization to birth
extra-embryonic membranes
membranes around the embryo formed by the trophoblast
parts of the developing embryo
chorion
placenta
umbilical cord
amnion
chorion
outermost membrane surrounding the embryo
during implantation, chorionic villi develop around the blastocyst
placenta
temporary vascular tissue consisting of maternal and embryonic tissue
- provides embryo w nutrients
- excretes waste products of the foetus
- transports oxy to, co2 from
umbilical cord
connects foetus to the placenta
- carries deoxy blood and waste away from foetus
- carries oxy blood to the foetus
amnion
- tough membrane lining the chorion
- encloses the amniotic cavity
- provides water medium in which the foetus can move and develop
- protects foetus from shock, dehy, temp changes
ultrasound
a diagnostic imaging technique that uses sound waves to produce images of the foetus
oxytocin
hormone that stimulates the muscles of the uterine wall to contract
three stages of birth
labour
expulsion of baby
afterbirth
labour
contractions which cause the cervix to dilate to 10cm for baby to pass through, amniotic fluid is released through vagina, water breaks
expulsion of baby
baby passes through the cervical opening and vagina, pushed out by contractions
release of afterbirth
when contractions push out the placenta, membranes and umbilical cord
withdrawal
when the penis is withdrawn from the vagina just before ejaculation
rhythm method
having sexual intercourse in the menstrual cycle during which fertilization is unlikely to occur
male condom
rubber sheath which fits over the penis to capture sperm
protect from HIV, STIs and pregnancy
female condom
elongated balloon captures sperm and prevents it from entering cervix
cervical cap
small rubber structure which fits over the cervix and prevents entry of sperm
diaphragm
disk which blocks cervix
spermicides
chemical substances which kill sperm on contact
contraceptive pill
most effective
vasectomy
cutting/sealing the vas deferens of both testes, sperm is still produced but is unable to move to the menis
female sterilization (tubal ligation)
tying the fallopian tubes with clamps so that sperm cannot reach the ova = no fert
