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2019 - Biology > HUMAN REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

HUMAN REPRODUCTION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

male reproductive system consists of

A

testes
tubules for sperm transport
accessory glands
penis

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2
Q

testes

A
  • primary male sex organs
  • 2-3 deg less than normal body temp for optimum sperm prod
  • oval shaped glands that are enclosed in the scrotum
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3
Q

testes internal

A
  • divided into small lobules which contain seminiferous tubules which are lined with germinal epithelium
  • these divide and give rise to sperm in spermatogenesis
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4
Q

Sertoli cells

A
  • what a few germinal epithelium cells develop into

- provide food for developing sperm

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5
Q

cells of Leydig

A
  • surround the seminiferous tubules

- produce testosterone

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6
Q

testes functions

A
  • produce and release sperm

- produce testosterone

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7
Q

epididymis

A
  • what seminiferous tubules join to form
  • at the back of testes, have a mucous membrane
  • where sperm matures and is stored
  • muc mem secretes a substance that helps w movement of sperm
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8
Q

vas deferens

A
  • a continuation of epididymis, opens in the urethra at the ampulla
  • transports sperm by means of peristaltic movements from epididymis to urethra
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9
Q

ejaculatory duct

A
  • where the ampulla of the vas deferens leads to

- force the semen along the urethra to the exterior through muscle fiber contraction

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10
Q

urethra

A
  • ejaculatory ducts which join and open to the exterior

- transports urine and semen to the exterior

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11
Q

accessory glands

A

seminal vesciles
prostate gland
cowper’s gands
penis

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12
Q

seminal vesicles

A

two sac-like structures connected to the ampulla

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13
Q

seminal vesicles function

A

secretion of the mucous membrane provides fructose / food for sperm

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14
Q

prostate gland

A

a conical gland situated against the bladder, surrounds the urethra

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15
Q

functions of prostate gland

A

secretes prostate fluid that ensures sperm motility and protects sperm from the acidity of the urethra & vag

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16
Q

cowper’s glands

A

two small glands on either side of the urethra

  • clears the urethra of urine residue
  • lubricates penis head
  • also helps w sperm motility
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17
Q

penis

A
  • male sex organ
  • consists of a head and a shaft
  • transfers sperm from male to female
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18
Q

glans penis

A

cone shaped head, partially covered by foreskin

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19
Q

parts of the shaft

A

corpus cavernosa

corpus spongiosum

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20
Q

corpus cavernosa

A

2 columns of erectile tissue which make up the upper part of the penis

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21
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

1 column of erectile tissue which surrounds the urethra

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22
Q

erectile tissue

A

fills w blood during arousal which causes an erection

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23
Q

puberty in boys

A

12ish, hypophysis secretes/releases LH and FSH

  • inc muscle mass
  • deeper voice
  • sperm production
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24
Q

female reproductive system

A

ovaries
vulva
organs resp for the transport and care of ovum and zygote

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25
Q

fallopian tubes

A
  • two tubes which extend from each ovary to uterus

- walls are lined w ciliated epithelium

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26
Q

fallopian tube functions

A
  • site of fertilization and zygote division

- transport ovum and dev zygote in direction of uterus by means of sweeping actions and peristalsis

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27
Q

uterus

A
  • hollow, pear-shaped organ which narrows into the cervix
28
Q

uterus layers

A

serous layer
muscular layer
endometrium (mucous membrane) lines inside of ut

29
Q

endometrium

A

thickens in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized ovum

30
Q

function of uterus

A

resp for the care of the embryo from implantation to birth

31
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube that opens to the exterior through the vulva

32
Q

vagina functions

A

forms birth canal to deliver baby, where sperm is released

33
Q

puberty in girls

A

10-12, ovaries start secreting oes and prog

  • breast development
  • hips widen
  • height inc
34
Q

gametogenesis

A

gamete formation in the gonads

35
Q

spermatogenesis

A

sperm formation from the cells which line the seminiferous tubules of the testes

36
Q

oogenesis

A

ova formation from the cells which form the outer layer of the ovaries

37
Q

ovarian cycle (ovulation)

A
  • development of primary follicles into Graafian follicles
  • rupturing of the follicle and immature ovum release
  • formation of the corpus luteum
38
Q

ovarian cycle at puberty

A
  • more FSH is secreted, and the follicles develop (p>s>t)
  • only one follicle develops to full maturity in each cycle
  • matured = Graafian, moves to ovary surface where it inc in size, an immature ovum is released
39
Q

ovulation

A
  • 14th day after menstruation

- stimulated by LH

40
Q

uterine cycle (menstruation)

A

endometrium (uterus lining) undergoes monthly changes

  • oes and prog thicken the endometrium, and this is not needed for implantation if fertilization does not occur
  • upper layers break down, discarded w the immature ovum and exit the body through the cervix & vag
41
Q

hormonal control of menstruation cycle

A

FSH is secreted which develops follicles which secrete oestrogen which inhibits FSH rel & stimulates endometrial tissue growth

42
Q

role of progesterone

A
  • plays a role in the thickening of endometrium

- inhibits FSH & LH release

43
Q

negative feedback in menstrual cycle

A

inc oes, inhibits FSH release = prevents further follicle development
inc prog, inhibits LH release = prevents further follicle development & ovulation

44
Q

pregnancy

A

the period from fertilization to birth

45
Q

extra-embryonic membranes

A

membranes around the embryo formed by the trophoblast

46
Q

parts of the developing embryo

A

chorion
placenta
umbilical cord
amnion

47
Q

chorion

A

outermost membrane surrounding the embryo

during implantation, chorionic villi develop around the blastocyst

48
Q

placenta

A

temporary vascular tissue consisting of maternal and embryonic tissue

  • provides embryo w nutrients
  • excretes waste products of the foetus
  • transports oxy to, co2 from
49
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects foetus to the placenta

  • carries deoxy blood and waste away from foetus
  • carries oxy blood to the foetus
50
Q

amnion

A
  • tough membrane lining the chorion
  • encloses the amniotic cavity
  • provides water medium in which the foetus can move and develop
  • protects foetus from shock, dehy, temp changes
51
Q

ultrasound

A

a diagnostic imaging technique that uses sound waves to produce images of the foetus

52
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone that stimulates the muscles of the uterine wall to contract

53
Q

three stages of birth

A

labour
expulsion of baby
afterbirth

54
Q

labour

A

contractions which cause the cervix to dilate to 10cm for baby to pass through, amniotic fluid is released through vagina, water breaks

55
Q

expulsion of baby

A

baby passes through the cervical opening and vagina, pushed out by contractions

56
Q

release of afterbirth

A

when contractions push out the placenta, membranes and umbilical cord

57
Q

withdrawal

A

when the penis is withdrawn from the vagina just before ejaculation

58
Q

rhythm method

A

having sexual intercourse in the menstrual cycle during which fertilization is unlikely to occur

59
Q

male condom

A

rubber sheath which fits over the penis to capture sperm

protect from HIV, STIs and pregnancy

60
Q

female condom

A

elongated balloon captures sperm and prevents it from entering cervix

61
Q

cervical cap

A

small rubber structure which fits over the cervix and prevents entry of sperm

62
Q

diaphragm

A

disk which blocks cervix

63
Q

spermicides

A

chemical substances which kill sperm on contact

64
Q

contraceptive pill

A

most effective

65
Q

vasectomy

A

cutting/sealing the vas deferens of both testes, sperm is still produced but is unable to move to the menis

66
Q

female sterilization (tubal ligation)

A

tying the fallopian tubes with clamps so that sperm cannot reach the ova = no fert

2019 - Biology (13 decks)

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