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BIOMOLECULES AND CELLS > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Define neuron

A

excitable cells that generate and transmit electrical energy called action potentials

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2
Q

Define glial cell

A

Provide support, nourish and can insulate neurons.

Also important during development and can supply nutrients/

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3
Q

Axon

A

conducts action potential away from the cell body

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4
Q

axon terminal

A

synapse with target cell. Releases neurotransmitter.

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5
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Information collated which may lead to axon potentials initiation

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6
Q

In what ways to neurons most commonly vary?

A

Number of dendrites

  • some neurons have bushy dendrites and collect information from many neurons
  • neurons with fewer process fewer inputs

Axon length
- some neurons communicate over long distances via long axons

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7
Q

Central Nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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8
Q

What are the 2 branches of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Autonomic and Sensory-somatic nervous system
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9
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system and what does it involve?

A
  • Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary activity
  • Consists of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
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10
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

- Schwann cells (PNS)

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11
Q

Function of glial cells

A

Insulate and increase the speed of communication between neurons

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12
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Carry sensory infor to the CNS.

  • dendrites are found in the skin, muscles and organs
  • terminals end in the spinal cord and connect to interneurons
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13
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Carry motor info from the CNS to muscles and organs

  • dendrites are in the spinal cord
  • terminals found in muscles and organs
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14
Q

What do interneurons do

A

Enable communication between afferent (sensory) & efferent (motor) neurons and the CNS

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15
Q

What does sensory receptor cells do?

A

Sensors or receptors that convert physical and chemical stimuli (such as light, pressure, sound etc.)
into action potentials.

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16
Q

Is neural communication chemical or electrical?

A

Communication is electrical within the neuron and chemical between neurons.

17
Q

Define action potential

A

An action potential is a rapid change in charge difference across the nerve cell membrane.

18
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Electrical potential or the charge difference, across the membrane.

19
Q

Why is the resting potential negative?

A

In axons, at resting, there is

  • a more positive charge outside
  • more negative charge inside
  • this creates a charge difference across membrane (ie. POLARISED)
20
Q

Resting potential?

A

When the neuron is not active the membrane potential is at resting potential.

21
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of an action potential?

A

All-or-none event
- An action potential either goes or it doesnt

Self-regenerating
- Because an action potential spreads to the adjacent membrane regions in the axon.

22
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Site of chemical communication between a neuron and a muscle cell

23
Q

Difference between introception and exteroception

A

Interoception: Sensitivity to stimuli originating inside the body - to maintain a stable environment

Exteroception: Sensitivity to stimuli originating outside the body

24
Q

What terms are given to describe the convoluted nature of the cerebral cortex?

A

Gyri

  • Ridges of the cortex
  • hills

Sulci
- Valleys

25
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Diverse functions best described as feeling and planning

26
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Touch and pressure via thalamus

27
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

recognising, identifying and naming objects

28
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

processes visual information

29
Q

Association cortex

A

Integrate or associate higher order, complex, sensory information or memory.

30
Q

Describe the function of the BROCA’S area and what happens when it’s damaged?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • movements required to produce speech

If damaged:

  • loss of ability to produce language
  • broken speech (motor aspect)
  • patient is aware and can understand language
31
Q

Describe the function of the WERNICKE’S area and what happens when it’s damaged?

A
  • Parietal and temporal lobes
  • Understand speech and use of correct words

If damaged:

  • Inability to understand language
  • can’t choose correct words to express thoughts
  • patient is not aware
    ie. the words are clear but does not make sense
32
Q

What is sleep and its characteristics?

A

A period of reduced activity and decreased responsiveness

  • reversible
  • characterised by changes in brain wave activity
33
Q

What is consciousness?

A

State of being aware of and responsiveness to one’s surroundings

BIOMOLECULES AND CELLS (32 decks)

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