Energy Harvesting Pathways Flashcards
Describe the formation of ATP
- ADP + Pi = ATP
- phosphorylation of ADP into ATP is endergonic (Released energy)
- ATP to ADP + Pi is exergonic
Compare cellular respiration and Fermentation
Cellular respiration:
• complete oxidation
•waste: H2O, CO2
• Net energy: 32 ATP
Fermentation
• incomplete oxidation
• waste: organic compound and CO2
• net energy: 2 ATP
What does a single glucose molecule yield in Glycolysis?
- 2 pyruvate
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
What happens after glycolysis?
- If oxygen is present; citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) then Electron Transport Chain
- If oxygen is absent; fermentation - into lactate or alcohol
Evidence of endosymbiosis in mictochondria and chloroplasts
- morphologically similar to bacteria
- outer and inner membrane
- own genome - DNA, RNA and proteins
- include ribosomes
Describe the features of a chloroplast
- stroma - liquid filling the chloroplast
- outer and inner membrane
- granum are disc shaped units with lumen inside
- stacks of granum form thylakoids
What are the two organelles which have previously been prokaryotes?
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- they both contain double membranes
Where does glycolysis occur and what are the outputs?
- Cytosol
Outputs:
- each glucose molecule → 2 pyruvate
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
These pyruvates are then transported into the matrix of mitochondria (in eukaryotes)
What is pyruvate oxidation? List the inputs and outputs.
- pyruvate oxydation
- pyruvate → 2 carbon acetate + CO2
- Then the acetate is bound to Coenzyme A → Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl coA)
Most of the energy in C-C and C-H bonds in glucose is transferred to
NAD+ → NADH
What process occurs after pyruvate oxidation? List the inputs and outputs.
- citric acid cycle / Kreb’s cycle
- acetyl coA enters the cycle and is completely oxidised into CO2
- free energy released is captured by GDP, NAD+, FAD
INPUTS - acetyl coA, water, GDP, NAD+, FAD
OUTPUTS - NADH, FADH2, GTP, 2CO2
