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Tissues of the Body > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major cell types of the nervous system and what proportion are each of them of the total?

A

glia (90%) and neurones (10%)

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of glia?

A

macroglia and microglia

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3
Q

What shape are glia?

A

stellate (star shaped)

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4
Q

What are the macroglia within the CNS?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma

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5
Q

What makes up the largest count of macroglia in the CNS?

A

astrocytes

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6
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

assist transfer of nutrients and waste between neurones and blood, constitute blood brain barrier, phagocytic functions and physical support for neurones

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7
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

myelination in the CNS

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8
Q

How many axons can a oligodendrocyte myelinate at once?

A

up to 250

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9
Q

What is the function of ependyma?

A

line the ventricles and central canal of spinal cord for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

What are microglia used for?

A

immunity and inflammation

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11
Q

What are the macroglia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and sattelite cells

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12
Q

What is the function of schwann cells?

A

myelination of peripheral nerve axons

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13
Q

How many axons can a Schwann cell myelinate at once?

A

1 Schwann cell can myelinate 100microns of 1 axon

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14
Q

What is the role of satellite cells?

A

physical support of neurones

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15
Q

What are dendrites for?

A

increase the surface area of a cell body so that it can maintain contact with many cells

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16
Q

What are the features of cell bodies?

A

single, central nucleus, vary in shape, contain Nissl substance for protein synthesis and Golgi apparatus for packaging

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17
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Collections of cell bodies

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18
Q

Along a myelinated axon, where are the K+ and Na+ channels?

A

K+ channels = myelin sheath

Na+ channels = nodes of Ranvier

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19
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

A kink in the axon, appears as an elevation of the membrane. there is a high density of Na+ channels for initiation of action potentials.

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20
Q

In which direction is the main transmission?

A

From the cell body towards the axon terminal

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21
Q

What does conduction velocity equal?

A

6 x fibre diameter

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22
Q

How many times can a Schwann cell wrap itself around the axon?

A

100 times

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23
Q

Name 3 diseases that can demyelinate axons

A

multiple sclerosis, guillain barre and diabetes

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24
Q

What is the relationship between diameter and conduction?

A

Larger diameter = faster conduction

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25
Q

What is the conduction along a myelinated neurone called?

A

Saltatory conduction

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26
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Axons

27
Q

What ensheaths a single axon?

A

Endoneurium

28
Q

What ensheaths a nerve fascicle?

A

Perineurium

29
Q

What ensheaths an entire nerve?

A

epineurium

30
Q

What do we call the membrane envelopes of the brain?

A

Meninges

31
Q

What are the layers of the meninges cells from outer to inner?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

32
Q

What happens when an axon is severed?

A

The proximal segment of axon seals to prevent leakage and a nerve stump formed. The distal segment is cut off from nutritional support of cell body, distal segment dies and undergoes Wallerian degeneration

33
Q

What happens to reform an axon after severing?

A

The volume of cell body increases due to lots of protein expression.The nucleus gets pushed from centre. The axon usually regrows - Wallerian regeneration, but often ends up at the wrong target.

34
Q

What is an afferent pathway?

A

conducting in-coming signals, periphery to CNS, sensory neurones

35
Q

What is an efferent pathway?

A

conducting out-going signals, CNS to periphery, motoneurone or autonomic neurone

36
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of neurone cell bodies in the PNS

37
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?

A

12 pairs

38
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31 pairs

39
Q

How many autonomic ganglia pairs do we have?

A

25 pairs

40
Q

How many sensory ganglia pairs do we have?

A

31 pairs

41
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system?

A

Within the gut

42
Q

What 2 systems is the autonomic nervous system split into?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

43
Q

What are the features of the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary, simplest layout possible, efferent neurone terminates directly on effector organ, affects skeletal muscle, inactive during REM sleep, under-developed at birth so that the environment can influence

44
Q

Which of somatic or autonomic has the simplest layout?

A

Somatic

45
Q

What are the features of the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary, fundamental for life functions, becomes active along with organogenesis, functions non-stop throughout life

46
Q

Which NS is fight or flight?

A

Sympathetic

47
Q

Which NS is rest and digest?

A

Parasympathetic

48
Q

Which NS are sweat glands innervated with only?

A

sympathetic

49
Q

What happens to the bladder under sympathetic control?

A

bladder fills, internal sphincter closes (relaxed) and detrusor muscle relaxes

50
Q

What happens to the bladder under parasympathetic control?

A

bladder empties, internal sphincter opens (contract) and the detrusor muscle contracts

51
Q

What can overactivity of the parasympathetic NS lead to?

A

dilated blood vessels and reduced substrate to brain causing fainting

52
Q

What can overactivity of the sympathetic NS lead to?

A

constriction of blood vessels causing necrosis

53
Q

Where does the sympathetic NS flow from and what is this called?

A

spinal cord only: T1-T12 and L1-L2 thoraco-lumbar division of the ANS

54
Q

Which kind of matter is in the centre of the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

55
Q

Which horn connects with the outside of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn

56
Q

What are the 3 possible modes of termination from the spinal cord?

A

synapse in chain at same level as origin, synapse in chain at different level to origin or may not synapse in paravertebral chain

57
Q

What are the 2 types of sympathetic effector organ receptors?

A

Alpha and beta (adrenergic)

58
Q

How many types of alpha receptors are there?

A

2

59
Q

How many types of beta receptors are there?

A

3

60
Q

Name 4 cranial nerves

A

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus

61
Q

Where does the parasympathetic NS flow from?

A

brain and spinal cord, cranio-sacral division of ANS, cranial nerves III, XII, IX and X, and S2-S4

62
Q

Which receptors are expressed on parasympathetic effector organs?

A

muscarinic receptors

63
Q

What are muscarinic receptors blocked by?

A

Atropine

64
Q

What are the 3 interdependent units of the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord and nerves

Tissues of the Body (12 decks)

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