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Tissues of the Body > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

How do epithelial cells block the entry of microorganisms?

A

selectively permeable barrier, natural antibiotics, produce cytokines and chemokines to attract immune cells, produce mucins and transport antibodies

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2
Q

Where do chemokines and cytokines diffuse into from the epithelial cells?

A

lamina propria and blood

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3
Q

Why does opsonisation occur?

A

So bacteria are easier to phagocytose

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4
Q

What 2 things are extravasated at the site of infection?

A

antibodies and complement

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5
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

heat, swelling, redness, pain, loss of function

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6
Q

What are the features of innate immunity?

A

inbuilt/natural/native, present from birth, not specific, not enhanced by second exposure, no memory, cellular and humoral components

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7
Q

What are the features of adaptive immunity?

A

acquired, learnt by experience, pathogen-specific, enhanced by second exposure, has memory, cellular and humoral components

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8
Q

What do antibodies tell us?

A

Which infections an individual has been exposed to

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9
Q

The adaptive system is only present in which group of animals?

A

Vertebrates

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10
Q

How many classes of antibodies are there and what are they?

A

5 classes

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

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11
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis and presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes

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12
Q

What are macrophages called before they enter the tissue?

A

Monocytes

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13
Q

Which blood cell type is anti-parasitic?

A

Eosinophils

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14
Q

Which cells are involved in the innate response?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells and natural killer cells

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15
Q

Which cells have a 5 lobed nucleus?

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

What is the most plentiful WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

What is the smallest WBC?

A

Lymphocyte

18
Q

In which cell may the nucleus be obscured and why?

A

Basophils

They have so many granules within them.

19
Q

Do neutrophils have receptors?

A

Yes

for many bacterial constituents

20
Q

What kind of conditions are neutrophils specialised for and why?

A

Anaerobic conditions

Because they are required in damaged tissue which is often anaerobic due to lack of blood supply.

21
Q

What is the first response to inflammation?

A

Neutrophil arrival

22
Q

What makes up pus and why?

A

Dead neutrophils
They are unable to synthesise more granules once activated. Therefore once they have used up all their granules, they die.

23
Q

What happens when pathogens are too big to digest?

A

Phagocytes release their lysosomal contents onto the pathogens’ surface.

24
Q

What do macrophages phagocytose?

A

microbial cells and damaged or unwanted cells

25
Q

Why do macrophages have a long lifespan?

A

They can generate lysosomes as needed.

26
Q

Define opsonisation

A

The coating of a microorganism by antibodies and complement to render it recognisable as foreign by phagocytes.

27
Q

Do natural killer cells have antigen receptors?

A

No

28
Q

Which cells can cause apoptosis in viral cells and how?

A

Natural killer cells

By pumping proteases through pores into the viral cells

29
Q

What happens to people lacking in NK cells?

A

They have persistent viral infections

30
Q

What can activated NK cells that most cells can produce?

A

IFN-alpha

IFN-beta

31
Q

What is the effect of cytokines on NK cells?

A

induce proliferation and activation of NK cells

32
Q

What are the effects of interferon?

A

inhibits viral replication and activates other cells which kill pathogens

33
Q

Where would you find lysozyme and what does it do?

A

in serum and tears and it breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls

34
Q

What does the complement system do?

A

Marks pathogens for destruction by covalently binding to their surface using the proteins in the blood and lymph. (C1-C9)

35
Q

Which complement proteins make up the membrane attack complex?

A

C5-C9

36
Q

What is the role of T helper cells?

A

activate B lymphocytes and macrophages

37
Q

What is the B cell receptor?

A

A surface immunoglobulin

38
Q

What is the T cell receptor?

A

A non-membrane bound, antigen receptor.

39
Q

What are the roles of antibodies?

A

neutralise bacteria, opsonise to promote phagocytosis and activate complement

40
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Raising the clonal frequency of cells with a particular antigen specificity.

41
Q

What does the adaptive immune system do to ensure that the number of lymphocytes with that specificity never falls as low?

A

Seeding to memory using memory cells

42
Q

Give some examples of clearance of pathogens from epithelial surfaces

A

rapid cell regeneration, tears, urine, vomiting, muociliary escalator and coughing

Tissues of the Body (12 decks)

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