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Tissues of the Body > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made up of?

A

Ground substance and fibres

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2
Q

What is the ground substance made of?

A

Hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates

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3
Q

What kind of fibres can there be?

A

Collagen, reticular or elastic

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4
Q

Name the specialised types of connective tissue

A

adipose tissue, blood, cartilage, bone, lymphatic tissue and haemopoietic tissue

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5
Q

What kind of cells make up cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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6
Q

What kind of cells make up ligaments and tendons?

A

Fibroblasts

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7
Q

What cells form skeletal muscle?

A

Myoblasts

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8
Q

What is the embryonic origin of all the connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme

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9
Q

What are the features of the mesenchyme?

A

tapering appearance to cells and abundant viscous ground substance

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10
Q

What is the mucous connective tissue in an embryo called?

A

Wharton’s jelly - from the umbilical cord

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11
Q

What does a proteoglycan monomer consist of?

A

A core protein of approximately 100 GAG units

GAG = glycosaminoglycan

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12
Q

What do proteoglycan form linear aggregates with?

A

Hyaluronic acid and collagen fibrils

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13
Q

What is the charge on GAGs and why is this good?

A

Negative charge

Attracts water so that a hydrated gel is formed

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14
Q

Which type of collagen is present in cartilage?

A

Type II

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15
Q

What is the other name for type III collagen?

A

Reticulin

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16
Q

What are the features of Type I collagen?

A

periodic banding, fibrils composed of staggered collagen molecules, triple helix of alpha chains and every third amino acid is glycine

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17
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant disorder. Expression of the Fibrillin gene is abnormal so elastic tissue is abnormal. Sufferers are abnormally tall, exhibit arachnodactyly (long fingers and toes) and have frequent joint dislocation.

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of a small elastic artery in order from inside to outside?

A

tunica intima: endothelial cells
tunica media: elastin lamellae
tunica adventitia: collagen

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19
Q

What do myotendinous junctions consist of?

A

Skeletal muscle fibres interdigitate with tendon collagen bundles

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20
Q

What does ligament join together?

A

Bone to bone

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21
Q

How is ligament arranged?

A

Into fascicles separated by loose connective tissue

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22
Q

What 2 cellular features will fibroblasts have?

A

Lots of RER and Lots of euchromatin

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23
Q

Which cells are primarily responsible for the formation of scar tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

24
Q

Which cells are professional antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages

25
Q

What substances do the granules in mast cells contain?

A

Heparin, Histamine and Cytokines

26
Q

What is heparin?

A

An anticoagulant

27
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

To increase blood vessel permeability

28
Q

What happens when allergens bind to mast cells?

A

The contents of the granules are rapidly released.

29
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

A

fuel reserve, thermal insulation and shock absorption

30
Q

Why is brown adipose tissue brown?

A

Due to the rich vascular supply and abundant mitochondria

31
Q

Name some places where cartilage is found

A

embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, nose, trachea and larynx

32
Q

What are the 3 major types of cartilage?

A

elastic, hyaline and fibrocartilage

33
Q

Is cartilage vascularised?

A

No

It is an avascular tissue.

34
Q

What is in the matrix of hyaline cartilage?

A

proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid and Type II collagen

35
Q

What is found in the matrix of elastic cartilage?

A

proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, Type II collagen and elastic fibres

36
Q

What is the matrix of fibrocartilage made of?

A

proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, Type II collagen and Type I collagen

37
Q

Which type of cartilage is the precursor to bone?

A

Hyaline

38
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

parts of rib cage, nose, trachea, bronchi and larynx

39
Q

What cells are in the perichondrium?

A

Fibroblasts (outer)

which can develop into chondroblasts (inner)

40
Q

Why does the matrix stain darker around the chondrocytes?

A

The territorial matrix is more highly sulphated.

41
Q

What kinds of signals affect the synthetic activity of the chondrocytes?

A

mechanical, electrical and chemical

42
Q

What is different about elastic cartilage?

A

It does not calcify with age

43
Q

Where would you find elastic cartilage?

A

pinna of ear, initial canal of ear, epiglottis and Eustachian tube

44
Q

What are the features of fibrocartilage?

A

contains chondrocytes and fibroblasts, cells often distributed in rows and no perichondrium

45
Q

Where would you find fibrocartilage?

A

Intervertebral discs, Sternoclavicular joint, Temporomandibular joint, Menisci of knee and Pubic symphysis

46
Q

What are entheses?

A

Points of attachment of tendon and bone.

47
Q

What is the structure of cancellous bone?

A

A network of fine, bony columns or plates. The spaces between them are filled with bone marrow.

48
Q

Describe the placement of Haversian and Volkmann’s canals

A

Haversian - the centre of every osteon

Volkmann’s - perpendicular to the Haversian canals

49
Q

How can you tell that bone is mature?

A

The osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae.

50
Q

Which direction do resorption canals run?

A

Parallel to osteons’ long axes and Haversian canals

51
Q

What are the 2 ways of viewing bone?

A

decalcify mature bone so it can be sectioned or grind bone down to a thin layer

52
Q

How do osteoclasts break down bone?

A

They release H+ ions and lysosomal enzymes.

53
Q

What is the sequence of healing for a long bone?

A

haematoma formation, granulation tissue forms a soft procallus, procallus is replaced with a harder fibrocartilaginous callus, bony trabeculae develop, ossification occurs then remodelling occurs

54
Q

Define autograft

A

The donor of the bone is the recipient

55
Q

Define homograft

A

The donor of the bone is another human

56
Q

Define heterograft

A

The donor of the bone is a different species

57
Q

What are the connective tissue functions?

A

provide substance and form to the body and organs
provide a medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste
attach muscle to bone and bone to bone
provide a cushion between tissues and organs
defend against infection
aid in injury repair

Tissues of the Body (12 decks)

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