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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Basic functional unit of the nervous system that send and receive signals

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2
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells that support and protect neurons

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3
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

All neural tissue outside the CNS

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5
Q

What nerves connect to the brain?

A

Cranial nerves

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6
Q

Afferent division is

A

Sensory part of PNS that carries information the CNS

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7
Q

Efferent division is

A

Motor part of PNS that carries commands from CNS to PNS

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8
Q

What controls voluntary reflexes?

A

Somatic nervous system

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9
Q

What controls involuntary reflexes?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Sympathetic division has

A

a stimulating effect

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11
Q

Parasympathetic division has

A

a relaxing effect

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12
Q

What makes neural tissue appear gray?

A

Nissl bodies

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13
Q

What part of the neuron receives information?

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

What carries the electrical signal (action potential) to the target?

A

Axon

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15
Q

What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell?

A

Synapse

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16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Forms the lining of the brain and spinal cord and in direct contact with neuroglia

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17
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintains the blood brain barrier isolating the CNS and responsible for nutrients

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18
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin sheath in CNS

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19
Q

White matter in CNS

A

Myelinated nerves

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20
Q

Gray matter in CNS

A

Unmyelinated nerves

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21
Q

Microglia

A

Cleans up debris and waste. Active in repair after injury or infection.

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22
Q

Ganglia

A

Cluster of neural tissue in the PNS

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23
Q

Schwann cells (neurilemma cells)

A

Form myelin sheath in PNS

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24
Q

Resting potential

A

Transmembrane potential of resting cell

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25
Graded potential
Temporary, localized change in resting potential that may not always complete
26
Action potential
Electrical impulse that always completes
27
Synaptic activity
Release of neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane and produce graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane
28
Information processing
Response to the stimuli
29
All or none law
A threshold stimulus evokes a max response and a subthreshold stimulus evokes no response.
30
Tract
Bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS
31
Nerve
Bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS
32
Nucleus
Cluster of neural tissue in the CNS
33
Telencephalon consists of
Cerebrum
34
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Controls most sensory and motor activities such as reasoning, memory, intelligence
35
Diencephalon consists of
Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
36
What is the function of the thalamus?
Relay center to the cerebrum
37
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Regulates urine, temperature, hunger, heartbeat and other instinctual functions
38
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Regulates endocrine glands
39
Mesencephalon consists of
Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Cerebral peduncles
40
What is the function of the superior colliculus?
Visual reflexes
41
What is the function of the inferior colliculus?
Auditory reflexes
42
What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?
Coordinates reflexes
43
Metencephalon consists of
Cerebellum | Pons
44
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Balance and motor coordination
45
What is the function of the pons?
Relay center and contains repiratory nuclei
46
Myelencephalon consists of
Medulla oblongata
47
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Respiration, heart rate, vasoconstriction
48
Frontal Lobe
Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles, personality, intelligence, verbal
49
Parietal Lobe
Understanding and utterance of speech, skin and muscle sensation
50
Temporal Lobe
Auditory and Visual memory
51
Occipital Lobe
Movement of eyes
52
Insular
Memory
53
Olfactory (sensory)
Smell
54
Optic (sensory)
Sight
55
Vestibulo-cochlear (sensory)
Hearing
56
Trigeminal (mixed)
Chewing of food, facial sensations
57
Facial (mixed)
Taste, secretion of saliva and tears, muscle sense
58
Glosso-pharyngeal (mixed)
Swallowing, secretion of saliva, muscle sense, taste
59
Vagus (mixed)
Visceral sensations and movement
60
Oculomotor (motor)
Movement of eyes, lids, focusing
61
Trochlear (motor)
Movement of eyes
62
Abducens (motor)
Movement of eyes
63
Accessory (motor)
Swallowing, head movement
64
Hypoglossal (motor)
Speech and swallowing
65
Acetylcholine (excitatory)
Transmission of impulses across synapses
66
Epinephrine (excitatory)
Arouse brain and maintain alertness
67
Serotonin (excitatory)
Temperature regulation, onset of sleep
68
Dopamine (excitatory)
Motor control
69
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Inhibitory)
Motor coordination
70
Glycine (inhibitory)
Inhibits transmission in spinal cord tracts
71
Endorphins (neuropeptide)
Block pain
72
Substance P (neuropeptide)
Aids in transmission from pain receptors
73
Which root of spinal cord contains axons for motor neurons?
Ventral root
74
Which root of spinal cord contains axons for sensory neurons?
Dorsal root
75
What isolates spinal cord from surroundings?
Spinal meninges
76
Name the 3 meningeal layers
``` Dura mater (outer) Arachnoid mater (middle) Pia mater (inner) ```
77
Epidural space
Loose connective tissue between dura mater and wall of vertebral canal
78
Epineurium
Outer layer of connective tissue for spinal nerves
79
Perineurium
Middle layer of connective tissue for spinal nerves
80
Endoneurium
Inner layer of connective tissue for spinal nerves
81
Cervical Plexus
C1-C4, phrenic nerve, innervates neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragm
82
Brachial Plexus
C5-T1, innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs
83
Lumbar Plexus
T12-L4, Femoral nerve
84
Sacral Plexus
L4-S4, Sciatic nerve
85
How much does the brain weigh?
3 lbs.
86
What are the 6 regions of the brain?
``` Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Mesecephalon Pons Medulla oblongata ```
87
Name the 12 cranial nerves
``` Oh - Olfactory Oh - Optic Oh - Oculomotor To - Trochlear Touch - Trigeminal A - Abducens Female - Facial Vagina - Vestibulocochlear Gives - Glossopharyngeal Virgins - Vagus Amazing - Accessory Happiness - Hypoglossal ```
88
What are the elevated ridges of the brain called?
Gyri
89
What are the shallow depressions of the brain called?
Sulci
90
What are the deep grooves of the brain called?
Fissures
91
How many pair of spinal nerves are there?
43 pairs. 12 cranial nerve pairs 31 spinal nerve pairs

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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