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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Basic functional unit of the nervous system that send and receive signals

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2
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells that support and protect neurons

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3
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

All neural tissue outside the CNS

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5
Q

What nerves connect to the brain?

A

Cranial nerves

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6
Q

Afferent division is

A

Sensory part of PNS that carries information the CNS

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7
Q

Efferent division is

A

Motor part of PNS that carries commands from CNS to PNS

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8
Q

What controls voluntary reflexes?

A

Somatic nervous system

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9
Q

What controls involuntary reflexes?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Sympathetic division has

A

a stimulating effect

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11
Q

Parasympathetic division has

A

a relaxing effect

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12
Q

What makes neural tissue appear gray?

A

Nissl bodies

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13
Q

What part of the neuron receives information?

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

What carries the electrical signal (action potential) to the target?

A

Axon

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15
Q

What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell?

A

Synapse

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16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Forms the lining of the brain and spinal cord and in direct contact with neuroglia

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17
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintains the blood brain barrier isolating the CNS and responsible for nutrients

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18
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin sheath in CNS

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19
Q

White matter in CNS

A

Myelinated nerves

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20
Q

Gray matter in CNS

A

Unmyelinated nerves

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21
Q

Microglia

A

Cleans up debris and waste. Active in repair after injury or infection.

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22
Q

Ganglia

A

Cluster of neural tissue in the PNS

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23
Q

Schwann cells (neurilemma cells)

A

Form myelin sheath in PNS

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24
Q

Resting potential

A

Transmembrane potential of resting cell

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25
Q

Graded potential

A

Temporary, localized change in resting potential that may not always complete

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26
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulse that always completes

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27
Q

Synaptic activity

A

Release of neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane and produce graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane

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28
Q

Information processing

A

Response to the stimuli

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29
Q

All or none law

A

A threshold stimulus evokes a max response and a subthreshold stimulus evokes no response.

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30
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS

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31
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS

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32
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of neural tissue in the CNS

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33
Q

Telencephalon consists of

A

Cerebrum

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34
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Controls most sensory and motor activities such as reasoning, memory, intelligence

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35
Q

Diencephalon consists of

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland

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36
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay center to the cerebrum

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37
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates urine, temperature, hunger, heartbeat and other instinctual functions

38
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Regulates endocrine glands

39
Q

Mesencephalon consists of

A

Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Cerebral peduncles

40
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus?

A

Visual reflexes

41
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A

Auditory reflexes

42
Q

What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?

A

Coordinates reflexes

43
Q

Metencephalon consists of

A

Cerebellum

Pons

44
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance and motor coordination

45
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Relay center and contains repiratory nuclei

46
Q

Myelencephalon consists of

A

Medulla oblongata

47
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Respiration, heart rate, vasoconstriction

48
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles, personality, intelligence, verbal

49
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Understanding and utterance of speech, skin and muscle sensation

50
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory and Visual memory

51
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Movement of eyes

52
Q

Insular

A

Memory

53
Q

Olfactory (sensory)

A

Smell

54
Q

Optic (sensory)

A

Sight

55
Q

Vestibulo-cochlear (sensory)

A

Hearing

56
Q

Trigeminal (mixed)

A

Chewing of food, facial sensations

57
Q

Facial (mixed)

A

Taste, secretion of saliva and tears, muscle sense

58
Q

Glosso-pharyngeal (mixed)

A

Swallowing, secretion of saliva, muscle sense, taste

59
Q

Vagus (mixed)

A

Visceral sensations and movement

60
Q

Oculomotor (motor)

A

Movement of eyes, lids, focusing

61
Q

Trochlear (motor)

A

Movement of eyes

62
Q

Abducens (motor)

A

Movement of eyes

63
Q

Accessory (motor)

A

Swallowing, head movement

64
Q

Hypoglossal (motor)

A

Speech and swallowing

65
Q

Acetylcholine (excitatory)

A

Transmission of impulses across synapses

66
Q

Epinephrine (excitatory)

A

Arouse brain and maintain alertness

67
Q

Serotonin (excitatory)

A

Temperature regulation, onset of sleep

68
Q

Dopamine (excitatory)

A

Motor control

69
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Inhibitory)

A

Motor coordination

70
Q

Glycine (inhibitory)

A

Inhibits transmission in spinal cord tracts

71
Q

Endorphins (neuropeptide)

A

Block pain

72
Q

Substance P (neuropeptide)

A

Aids in transmission from pain receptors

73
Q

Which root of spinal cord contains axons for motor neurons?

A

Ventral root

74
Q

Which root of spinal cord contains axons for sensory neurons?

A

Dorsal root

75
Q

What isolates spinal cord from surroundings?

A

Spinal meninges

76
Q

Name the 3 meningeal layers

A 
Dura mater (outer)
Arachnoid mater (middle)
Pia mater (inner)
77
Q

Epidural space

A

Loose connective tissue between dura mater and wall of vertebral canal

78
Q

Epineurium

A

Outer layer of connective tissue for spinal nerves

79
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle layer of connective tissue for spinal nerves

80
Q

Endoneurium

A

Inner layer of connective tissue for spinal nerves

81
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

C1-C4, phrenic nerve, innervates neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragm

82
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5-T1, innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs

83
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

T12-L4, Femoral nerve

84
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4-S4, Sciatic nerve

85
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

3 lbs.

86
Q

What are the 6 regions of the brain?

A 
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Mesecephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata
87
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves

A 
Oh - Olfactory
Oh - Optic
Oh - Oculomotor
To - Trochlear
Touch - Trigeminal
A - Abducens
Female - Facial
Vagina - Vestibulocochlear
Gives - Glossopharyngeal
Virgins - Vagus
Amazing - Accessory
Happiness - Hypoglossal
88
Q

What are the elevated ridges of the brain called?

A

Gyri

89
Q

What are the shallow depressions of the brain called?

A

Sulci

90
Q

What are the deep grooves of the brain called?

A

Fissures

91
Q

How many pair of spinal nerves are there?

A

43 pairs.

12 cranial nerve pairs
31 spinal nerve pairs

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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