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Anatomy & Physiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Made up of atoms that have joined together to form chemicals with different characteristics. These chemical characteristics are what determine physiology at the cellular level. Can be a solid, liquid or gas.

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2
Q

What 4 elements make up 96% of total body mass?

A

Oxygen 65%
Carbon 19%
Hydrogen 10%
Nitrogen 3%

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3
Q

Atom

A

It is the smallest element that retains the chemical properties.

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4
Q

Molecules

A

When 2 or more atoms have chemically bonded

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5
Q

Atomic Structure

A

Determined by the number of protons, has a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons and contains electrons in the electron cloud.
Protons - Positive Charge
Neutrons - Neutral Charge
Electron - Negative Charge

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6
Q

How do you determine the atomic number?

A

By the number of protons in the nucleus.

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7
Q

Elements

A

Determined by the atomic number of an atom.

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Specific version of an element based on its mass number where the number of neutrons is not normal.

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9
Q

How do you determine the mass number?

A

Amount of protons+neutrons

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10
Q

How many electrons are in an element?

A

Same as the number of protons which also makes them electrically neutral.

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11
Q

Atomic Mass (Weight)

A

It is the exact mass of all particles and the average mass of the isotopes. Measured in moles and expressed in daltons.

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12
Q

Electron Cloud

A

It is the space where electrons travel

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13
Q

Electron Shell

A

Barriers within the electron cloud that hold a max number of electrons. The lower shells fill first with the outer shell (valence shell) determines bonding.

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14
Q

Energy Levels

A

Level 1 holds up to 2 electrons
Level 2 holds up to 8 electrons
Level 3 holds up to 8 electrons
Level 4 holds up to 16 electrons

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15
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Attraction between cations (electron donor) and anions (electron acceptor)

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16
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and elements.
1 pair = single covalent
2 pairs = double covalent
3 pairs = triple covalent

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17
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Unbalanced sharing of electrons

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18
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions

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19
Q

What substance maintains its shape and volume?

A

Solid

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20
Q

What substance maintains its volume but not shape?

A

Water

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21
Q

What substance has not consistent shape or volume?

A

Gas

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22
Q

Ion

A

A negatively or positively charged particle

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23
Q

Molecular Weight

A

Determined by the sum total of the atomic weights of the component atoms.

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24
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

The forming or destruction of bonds

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25
Q

Reactant

A

Materials that go into a reaction

26
Q

Products

A

Materials coming out of a reaction

27
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reaction in the body that creates energy.

28
Q

Energy

A

The power to do work

29
Q

Work

A

Physical movement or change in structure

30
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy in motion

31
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy

32
Q

Decomposition reaction (Catabolism)

A

Breaking chemical bonds of molecules into smaller fragments

Hydrolysis

33
Q

Synthesis reaction (Anabolism)

A

Forms chemical bonds

Dehydration synthesis

34
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Decomposition followed by Synthesis

35
Q

Reversible reaction

A

At equilibrium the amounts of chemicals do not change even though the reactions are still occurring

36
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein catalysts that lower the required energy in reactions

37
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Produces more energy than they use

38
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Uses more energy than they produce

39
Q

What is the pH level of water (neutral)?

A

7.0

40
Q

If you have pH greater than 7.0

A

it is a base (increased number of hydroxide ions)

41
Q

If you have pH lower than 7.0

A

it is an acid (increased number of hydrogen ions)

42
Q

Buffer

A

Substance used to stabilize pH of a solution

43
Q

Organic Compound

A

Based on carbon and hydrogen

44
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

Not based on carbon and hydrogen.

45
Q

Electolytes

A

Inorganic ions that have the ability to conduct electricity

46
Q

What is the pH of human blood?

A

From 7.35 to 7.45

47
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic molecules that contain C,H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio that are bonded covalently.

48
Q

Lipids

A

Fats, oils and waxes (fatty acids, steroids) that contain carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)

49
Q

Proteins

A

Amino Acids

50
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Contains DNA and RNA

51
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar with 3 to 7 carbon atoms (glucose, fructose)

52
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose, maltose)

53
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (glycogen, starch)

54
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Molecules joined together by removing a water molecule.

55
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Molecules broken down by adding a water molecule.

56
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules with no double bonds between carbons

57
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules with double bonds between carbons

58
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Lipid derived from ingestion of outside material.
Leukotrienes that are active in the immune system.
Prostaglandins are local hormones of short chain fatty acids.

59
Q

Glycerides

A

Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

60
Q

Triglyceriides

A

3 neutral fatty acids that absorb chemicals

61
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol - component of plasma membranes
Estrogen and Testosterone - sex hormones
Corticosteroids and Calcitriol - metabolic regulation
Bile Salts - derived from steroids

62
Q

What is the purpose of lipids (fat)?

A

Stores energy, protects and insulates.

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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