Lecture 3

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Made up of atoms that have joined together to form chemicals with different characteristics. These chemical characteristics are what determine physiology at the cellular level. Can be a solid, liquid or gas.

Question 2

What 4 elements make up 96% of total body mass?

Answer 2

Oxygen 65%
Carbon 19%
Hydrogen 10%
Nitrogen 3%

Question 3

Atom

Answer 3

It is the smallest element that retains the chemical properties.

Question 4

Molecules

Answer 4

When 2 or more atoms have chemically bonded

Question 5

Atomic Structure

Answer 5

Determined by the number of protons, has a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons and contains electrons in the electron cloud.
Protons - Positive Charge
Neutrons - Neutral Charge
Electron - Negative Charge

Question 6

How do you determine the atomic number?

Answer 6

By the number of protons in the nucleus.

Question 7

Elements

Answer 7

Determined by the atomic number of an atom.

Question 8

Isotopes

Answer 8

Specific version of an element based on its mass number where the number of neutrons is not normal.

Question 9

How do you determine the mass number?

Answer 9

Amount of protons+neutrons

Question 10

How many electrons are in an element?

Answer 10

Same as the number of protons which also makes them electrically neutral.

Question 11

Atomic Mass (Weight)

Answer 11

It is the exact mass of all particles and the average mass of the isotopes. Measured in moles and expressed in daltons.

Question 12

Electron Cloud

Answer 12

It is the space where electrons travel

Question 13

Electron Shell

Answer 13

Barriers within the electron cloud that hold a max number of electrons. The lower shells fill first with the outer shell (valence shell) determines bonding.

Question 14

Energy Levels

Answer 14

Level 1 holds up to 2 electrons
Level 2 holds up to 8 electrons
Level 3 holds up to 8 electrons
Level 4 holds up to 16 electrons

Question 15

Ionic Bonds

Answer 15

Attraction between cations (electron donor) and anions (electron acceptor)

Question 16

Covalent Bonds

Answer 16

Sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and elements.
1 pair = single covalent
2 pairs = double covalent
3 pairs = triple covalent

Question 17

Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 17

Unbalanced sharing of electrons

Question 18

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 18

Weak polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions

Question 19

What substance maintains its shape and volume?

Answer 19

Solid

Question 20

What substance maintains its volume but not shape?

Answer 20

Water

Question 21

What substance has not consistent shape or volume?

Answer 21

Gas

Question 22

Ion

Answer 22

A negatively or positively charged particle

Question 23

Molecular Weight

Answer 23

Determined by the sum total of the atomic weights of the component atoms.

Question 24

Chemical Reaction

Answer 24

The forming or destruction of bonds

Question 25

Reactant

Answer 25

Materials that go into a reaction

Question 26

Products

Answer 26

Materials coming out of a reaction

Question 27

Metabolism

Answer 27

Chemical reaction in the body that creates energy.

Question 28

Energy

Answer 28

The power to do work

Question 29

Work

Answer 29

Physical movement or change in structure

Question 30

Kinetic Energy

Answer 30

Energy in motion

Question 31

Potential Energy

Answer 31

Stored energy

Question 32

Decomposition reaction (Catabolism)

Answer 32

Breaking chemical bonds of molecules into smaller fragments | Hydrolysis

Question 33

Synthesis reaction (Anabolism)

Answer 33

Forms chemical bonds | Dehydration synthesis

Question 34

Exchange reaction

Answer 34

Decomposition followed by Synthesis

Question 35

Reversible reaction

Answer 35

At equilibrium the amounts of chemicals do not change even though the reactions are still occurring

Question 36

Enzyme

Answer 36

Protein catalysts that lower the required energy in reactions

Question 37

Exergonic reaction

Answer 37

Produces more energy than they use

Question 38

Endergonic reaction

Answer 38

Uses more energy than they produce

Question 39

What is the pH level of water (neutral)?

Answer 39

7.0

Question 40

If you have pH greater than 7.0

Answer 40

it is a base (increased number of hydroxide ions)

Question 41

If you have pH lower than 7.0

Answer 41

it is an acid (increased number of hydrogen ions)

Question 42

Buffer

Answer 42

Substance used to stabilize pH of a solution

Question 43

Organic Compound

Answer 43

Based on carbon and hydrogen

Question 44

Inorganic Compound

Answer 44

Not based on carbon and hydrogen.

Question 45

Electolytes

Answer 45

Inorganic ions that have the ability to conduct electricity

Question 46

What is the pH of human blood?

Answer 46

From 7.35 to 7.45

Question 47

Carbohydrates

Answer 47

Organic molecules that contain C,H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio that are bonded covalently.

Question 48

Lipids

Answer 48

Fats, oils and waxes (fatty acids, steroids) that contain carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)

Question 49

Proteins

Answer 49

Amino Acids

Question 50

Nucleic acid

Answer 50

Contains DNA and RNA

Question 51

Monosaccharide

Answer 51

Simple sugar with 3 to 7 carbon atoms (glucose, fructose)

Question 52

Disaccharide

Answer 52

Two sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose, maltose)

Question 53

Polysaccharide

Answer 53

Many sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (glycogen, starch)

Question 54

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 54

Molecules joined together by removing a water molecule.

Question 55

Hydrolysis

Answer 55

Molecules broken down by adding a water molecule.

Question 56

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 56

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules with no double bonds between carbons

Question 57

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 57

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules with double bonds between carbons

Question 58

Eicosanoids

Answer 58

Lipid derived from ingestion of outside material. Leukotrienes that are active in the immune system. Prostaglandins are local hormones of short chain fatty acids.

Question 59

Glycerides

Answer 59

Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Question 60

Triglyceriides

Answer 60

3 neutral fatty acids that absorb chemicals

Question 61

Steroids

Answer 61

Cholesterol - component of plasma membranes Estrogen and Testosterone - sex hormones Corticosteroids and Calcitriol - metabolic regulation Bile Salts - derived from steroids

Question 62

What is the purpose of lipids (fat)?

Answer 62

Stores energy, protects and insulates.