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Anatomy & Physiology > Lecture Test 2 (Ch. 3) > Flashcards

Lecture Test 2 (Ch. 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Germ Cells

A

Sex cells. Sperm for males and oocyte for females.

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2
Q

Somatic Cells

A

All body cells except for germ cells.

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Under the plasma membrane and provides the cell structure with strength and support.

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4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer. Outer layer of cells made up of lipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates. Controls entry and exit of materials, provides protection and support.

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5
Q

Microvilli

A

Increases the surface area to facilitate absorption of extra-cellular material.

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All material inside the cell but outside the nucleus made up of cytosol (liquid) and organelles (solids).

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7
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

An extracellular fluid that surround a cell.

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8
Q

Hydrophilic Heads

A

Heads toward the watery environment on both sides.

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9
Q

Hydrophobic Tails

A

Inside membrane

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10
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins involved in catalyst of reactions.

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11
Q

Anchoring Proteins

A

Stabilizers that are attached to structures inside and outside of the cell.

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12
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Binds and responds to ligands (ions, hormones)

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13
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Assists in transport of specific materials through membrane.

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14
Q

Channels

A

Leak (open) channels and Gated (specific) channels regulate the flow of water and solutes through membrane.

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15
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Primary carbohydrate based material that serves to lubricate, protect, anchor, immune response, specificity in binding and locomotion.

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16
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid made up of nutrients, ions, proteins and waste products.

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17
Q

Organelles

A

Structures with specific functions within the cell and cell membrane.

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18
Q

Centrioles

A

Form spindles during mitosis.

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19
Q

Centrosome

A

The cytoplasm that surrounds centrioles.

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20
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like extensions that facilitates fluid movement over the cell surface. Goblet cells in between cilia produce mucus.

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Manufactures proteins with instructions from the RNA.

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22
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

In the cytoplasm. Manufactures proteins for cells.

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23
Q

Fixed Ribosomes

A

Attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Manufacture proteins for secretion.

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24
Q

Proteasomes

A

Contains enzymes that breaks down proteins.

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25
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Within the cytoplasm network. Synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids and storage of the materials.

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26
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

No ribosomes attached and involved in synthesis of lipids and carbs.

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27
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Covered with ribosomes and involved in synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins.

28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Saclike structure that stores manufactured protein.

29
Q

Lysosomes

A

Enzymes produced by the golgi apparatus that dissolve or destroy unwanted materials.

30
Q

Autolysis

A

Destruction of unwanted materials within the cell.

31
Q

Exocytosis

A

Ejection of wastes from within the cell.

32
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Enzymes that break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide.

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for cellular energy. (ATP)

34
Q

Cristae

A

Folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria that increases surface area for absorption.

35
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell and the largest of the organelles and contains Nucleoplasm and DNA.

36
Q

DNA

A

All information to build and run organisms.

37
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Fluid within the nucleus made of ions enzymes, nucleotides and RNA.

38
Q

Nucleoli

A

RNA synthesis by direction of DNA and made up of RNA, enzymes and histones.

39
Q

Histones

A

Chief element of chromatin.

40
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA coiled around histones.

41
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled DNA

42
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly coiled DNA

43
Q

Transcription

A

Copies instruction from DNA to mRNA (messenger RNA)

44
Q

Translation

A

Ribosomes reads instructions from mRNA

45
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive transport (no energy) of material from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. Size of material, temperature, and area of concentration influence rate of diffusion.

46
Q

Carrier-mediated Transport

A

Combination of materials (protein) to facilitate movement.

47
Q

Solution

A

A substance (solute) that is completely dissolved in a fluid (solvent).

48
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane toward solution with more solutes.

49
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

Control of what goes in and out of cells.

50
Q

Suspension

A

When a solute does not completely dissolve in the solvent.

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

Creation of membranous vesicles containing fluid and/or solids.

52
Q

Exocytosis

A

Fusion of vesicles containing fluid or solids with the plasma membrane.

53
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material equally. IPMAT

54
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.

55
Q

Interphase

A

Cell growth and genetic material replication.

56
Q

Prophase

A

Polarizing. Centrioles move apart and spindle fibers extend and attach to kinetochore.

57
Q

Metaphase

A

Meeting. Chromosomes align in the middle.

58
Q

Anaphase

A

Apart. Microtubules (spindle fibers) pull chromosomes toward centrioles.

59
Q

Telophase

A

The End. Cell now has two complete nuclei that begin to envelope within their own membranes.

60
Q

Cancer

A

Overproduction of somatic cells over destruction.

61
Q

Malignant Growth

A

Cells are not encapsulated and free to spread.

62
Q

Benign Growth

A

Cells are encapsulated and stay within the area.

63
Q

Metastsis

A

New tumors.

64
Q

Neoplasm

A

Is a tumor which is an abnormal growth and division of cells.

65
Q

How many chromosomes does a germ cell contain?

A

23

66
Q

How many chromosomes does a somatic cell contain?

A

46

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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