Lecture Test 2 (Ch. 3)

Question 1

Germ Cells

Answer 1

Sex cells. Sperm for males and oocyte for females.

Question 2

Somatic Cells

Answer 2

All body cells except for germ cells.

Question 3

Cytoskeleton

Answer 3

Under the plasma membrane and provides the cell structure with strength and support.

Question 4

Plasma Membrane

Answer 4

Phospholipid bilayer. Outer layer of cells made up of lipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates. Controls entry and exit of materials, provides protection and support.

Question 5

Microvilli

Answer 5

Increases the surface area to facilitate absorption of extra-cellular material.

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

All material inside the cell but outside the nucleus made up of cytosol (liquid) and organelles (solids).

Question 7

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 7

An extracellular fluid that surround a cell.

Question 8

Hydrophilic Heads

Answer 8

Heads toward the watery environment on both sides.

Question 9

Hydrophobic Tails

Answer 9

Inside membrane

Question 10

Enzymes

Answer 10

Proteins involved in catalyst of reactions.

Question 11

Anchoring Proteins

Answer 11

Stabilizers that are attached to structures inside and outside of the cell.

Question 12

Receptor Proteins

Answer 12

Binds and responds to ligands (ions, hormones)

Question 13

Carrier Proteins

Answer 13

Assists in transport of specific materials through membrane.

Question 14

Channels

Answer 14

Leak (open) channels and Gated (specific) channels regulate the flow of water and solutes through membrane.

Question 15

Glycocalyx

Answer 15

Primary carbohydrate based material that serves to lubricate, protect, anchor, immune response, specificity in binding and locomotion.

Question 16

Cytosol

Answer 16

Intracellular fluid made up of nutrients, ions, proteins and waste products.

Question 17

Organelles

Answer 17

Structures with specific functions within the cell and cell membrane.

Question 18

Centrioles

Answer 18

Form spindles during mitosis.

Question 19

Centrosome

Answer 19

The cytoplasm that surrounds centrioles.

Question 20

Cilia

Answer 20

Hair like extensions that facilitates fluid movement over the cell surface. Goblet cells in between cilia produce mucus.

Question 21

Ribosomes

Answer 21

Manufactures proteins with instructions from the RNA.

Question 22

Free Ribosomes

Answer 22

In the cytoplasm. Manufactures proteins for cells.

Question 23

Fixed Ribosomes

Answer 23

Attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Manufacture proteins for secretion.

Question 24

Proteasomes

Answer 24

Contains enzymes that breaks down proteins.

Question 25

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 25

Within the cytoplasm network. Synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids and storage of the materials.

Question 26

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Answer 26

No ribosomes attached and involved in synthesis of lipids and carbs.

Question 27

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Answer 27

Covered with ribosomes and involved in synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins.

Question 28

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 28

Saclike structure that stores manufactured protein.

Question 29

Lysosomes

Answer 29

Enzymes produced by the golgi apparatus that dissolve or destroy unwanted materials.

Question 30

Autolysis

Answer 30

Destruction of unwanted materials within the cell.

Question 31

Exocytosis

Answer 31

Ejection of wastes from within the cell.

Question 32

Peroxisomes

Answer 32

Enzymes that break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide.

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

Responsible for cellular energy. (ATP)

Question 34

Cristae

Answer 34

Folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria that increases surface area for absorption.

Question 35

Nucleus

Answer 35

Control center of the cell and the largest of the organelles and contains Nucleoplasm and DNA.

Question 36

DNA

Answer 36

All information to build and run organisms.

Question 37

Nucleoplasm

Answer 37

Fluid within the nucleus made of ions enzymes, nucleotides and RNA.

Question 38

Nucleoli

Answer 38

RNA synthesis by direction of DNA and made up of RNA, enzymes and histones.

Question 39

Histones

Answer 39

Chief element of chromatin.

Question 40

Nucleosomes

Answer 40

DNA coiled around histones.

Question 41

Chromatin

Answer 41

Loosely coiled DNA

Question 42

Chromosomes

Answer 42

Tightly coiled DNA

Question 43

Transcription

Answer 43

Copies instruction from DNA to mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 44

Translation

Answer 44

Ribosomes reads instructions from mRNA

Question 45

Diffusion

Answer 45

Passive transport (no energy) of material from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. Size of material, temperature, and area of concentration influence rate of diffusion.

Question 46

Carrier-mediated Transport

Answer 46

Combination of materials (protein) to facilitate movement.

Question 47

Solution

Answer 47

A substance (solute) that is completely dissolved in a fluid (solvent).

Question 48

Osmosis

Answer 48

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane toward solution with more solutes.

Question 49

Selectively Permeable

Answer 49

Control of what goes in and out of cells.

Question 50

Suspension

Answer 50

When a solute does not completely dissolve in the solvent.

Question 51

Endocytosis

Answer 51

Creation of membranous vesicles containing fluid and/or solids.

Question 52

Exocytosis

Answer 52

Fusion of vesicles containing fluid or solids with the plasma membrane.

Question 53

Mitosis

Answer 53

Division of genetic material equally. IPMAT

Question 54

Cytokinesis

Answer 54

Division of cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.

Question 55

Interphase

Answer 55

Cell growth and genetic material replication.

Question 56

Prophase

Answer 56

Polarizing. Centrioles move apart and spindle fibers extend and attach to kinetochore.

Question 57

Metaphase

Answer 57

Meeting. Chromosomes align in the middle.

Question 58

Anaphase

Answer 58

Apart. Microtubules (spindle fibers) pull chromosomes toward centrioles.

Question 59

Telophase

Answer 59

The End. Cell now has two complete nuclei that begin to envelope within their own membranes.

Question 60

Cancer

Answer 60

Overproduction of somatic cells over destruction.

Question 61

Malignant Growth

Answer 61

Cells are not encapsulated and free to spread.

Question 62

Benign Growth

Answer 62

Cells are encapsulated and stay within the area.

Question 63

Metastsis

Answer 63

New tumors.

Question 64

Neoplasm

Answer 64

Is a tumor which is an abnormal growth and division of cells.

Question 65

How many chromosomes does a germ cell contain?

Answer 65

23

Question 66

How many chromosomes does a somatic cell contain?

Answer 66

46