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EPPP - Irene 2014 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does neurogenesis occur

A

Hippocampus and caudate nucleus

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2
Q

Number neurons die per day

A

10,000

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3
Q

Neurons lost by age 80

A

2%

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4
Q

Neuron components

A

dendrites, cell body (soma), axon

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5
Q

Mitochondria actions

A

metabolic activities

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6
Q

Ribosomes action

A

synthesize new protein

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7
Q

Golgi complex action

A

prepare neurotransmitters and other substances for secretion

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8
Q

Myelin sheath composition and function

A

fatty substance made up of glial cells acts as insulator, speeds up conduction of nerve impulses

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9
Q

Glial cells

A

hold neurons together, provide neurons with nutrients, remove cellular debris

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10
Q

How message is transmitted within neuron

A

conduction

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11
Q

Action potential

A

At rest, inside of cell is negative charged, sodium channels open letting in positively charged sodium causing depolarization

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12
Q

Repolarization

A

sodium channels close and potassium channels open allowing positively charged potassium ions to leave the cell

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13
Q

Within neuron transmission of info versus neuron-to-neuron

A

Electrical, chemical

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14
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

action potential reaches axon terminal, release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

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15
Q

Acetylcholine operates on what type of receptors

A

muscarinic and nicotonic

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16
Q

ACh in peripheral

A

causes muscles to contract

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17
Q

Myasthenia Gravis involves what NT

A

ACh

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18
Q

What NT involves REM sleep, regulation of sleep-wake cycle, and learning and memory

A

ACh

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19
Q

Nicotine effect on memory and alertness mimics what NT

A

ACh at nicotinic receptor sites

20
Q

Degeneration of what NT in entorhinal cortex associated with Alzheimer’s

A

ACh

21
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitors related to what NT, what are names

A

ACh, tacrine (Cognex), donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Reminyl) and rivastigmine (Exelon)

22
Q

Catecholamines

A

Dopamine, epinepherine, norepinepherine

23
Q

Parkinsons associated with what NT in what brain structure

A

degeneration of dopamine receptors in substantia nigra

24
Q

Tourette’s associated with what NT and in what brain structure

A

oversensitive or excessive dopamine in caudate nucleus

25
Q

What NT and how are action of stimulant drugs, opiates, alcohol, nicotine reinforced

A

elevated levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic system (midbrain and limbic system)

26
Q

Catecholamine hypothesis

A

some forms of depression due to lower than normal levels of norepinephrine

27
Q

Role of norepinepherine in what

A

mood, attention, dreaming, learning and certain autonomic functions

28
Q

Serotonin implicated in what

A

mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, aggression, migraine headache

29
Q

Elevated levels of serotonin linked to what

A

Schizophrenia, autism, Anorexia, Nervosa

30
Q

Low levels of serotonin linked to

A

aggression, depression, suicide, bulimia nervosa, PTSD, OCD

31
Q

what NTs related to social phobia

A

dopamine and serotonin

32
Q

what type of NT is Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

inhibitory

33
Q

GABA involved in

A

eating, seizure, motor control, vision, sleep

34
Q

anxiety associated with what NT

A

low levels of GABA

35
Q

Benzos and other CNS depressants reduce anxiety by doing what to what NT

A

enhancing effects of GABA

36
Q

Huntingon’s associated with what action and NT

A

degeneration of cells that secrete GABA in basal ganglia

37
Q

What type of NT is glutamate

A

excitatory

38
Q

Glutamate involved in what

A

learning, memory, long-term potentiation

39
Q

What is long-term potentiation

A

formation of long term memories

40
Q

What is excitotoxicity

A

Excessive glutamate receptor activity

41
Q

what problems are associated with excitotoxicity of glutamate

A

seizures, stroke-like brain damage, huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, other neurodegenerative disorders

42
Q

What type of NT are endorphins (endogenous morphines)

A

inhibitory neuromodulators

43
Q

what do endorphins do

A

lower sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters

44
Q

How are endorphins related to pain sensation

A

analgesic properties - prevent release of substance P

45
Q

What are endorphins associated with

A

pain, pleasurable experiences, emotions, memory and learning, sexual behavior

EPPP - Irene 2014 (10 decks)

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