Misc Flashcards
alloplastic
refers to changing or adapting to the environment by effecting changes in the environment
autoplastic
(“self-change”) refers to changing or adapting to the environment by altering one’s own behaviors or responses
emic
perspective involves focusing on the intrinsic distinctions that are meaningful to members of a particular culture or society
etic
perspective involves focusing on extrinsic distinctions that have meaning for the observer of the culture or society
bradykinesia
slowness of movement
akinesia
absence of movement
Hyperkinesia
abnormally increased motor function or activity; hyperactivity
Hypophonia
weak voice due to incoordination of the vocal muscles
praxis
motor planning; ability of the brain to conceive, organize, and carry out a sequence of unfamiliar actions
dyspraxia
difficulty planning and completing intended fine motor tasks
Morita therapy
doesn’t deal with the past, inner dynamics, or with emotions directly as a prerequisite to change. Emphasis is on learning to accept the internal fluctuations of thoughts and feelings and ground behavior in reality and the purpose of the moment. The focus is on the external environment, behavior, and distinguishing what is and is not controllable. All emotions are accepted as valid, pain is inevitable and there is no attempt to control or govern feelings. Concrete effort to take action, with or without success and despite the accompanying emotions, is encouraged. Progress is measured by degree of responsiveness to behavioral demands and in the effort for self improvement. Like cognitive behavioral therapy, Morita therapy deals with changing behaviors and dysfunctional cognitive processes through reframing the meaning of anxiety, focusing on attitudinal blocks to behavior and taking personal responsibility for behavior.
Naikan Therapy
the psychology of reflection, is based on clients asking themselves three questions: what have I received from? What have I given to? What troubles or difficulties have I caused to? Through such self-reflection, a client’s awareness of the role they play in the relationship or situation, the amount of support they’ve received, and an appreciation for others is said to be increased. It is often combined with use of Morita Therapy
Network Therapy
the client’s family, friends, and relatives (i.e. the client’s network) are brought together, through the therapist’s initiative, to implement the therapeutic process.
Rational-emotive therapy
views irrational thoughts as the cause of clients problems and that the maintenance of problems is due primarily to self-indoctrination.
Achromatopsia
a rare form of color blindness that is accompanied by hypersensitivity to light and poor visual acuity
Nystagmus
involuntary jerky eye movement
Optic ataxia
the inability to accurately reach for objects
Optic apraxia
inability to voluntarily guide eye movements/ change to a new location of visual fixation
Change blindness
a phenomenon in visual perception in which very large changes occurring in full view in a visual scene are not noticed
Ravens
an intelligence test completely non-dependent on language. It’s a non-verbal assessment of abstract reasoning and a fairly good predictor of general cognitive functioning
Bandura’s social learning theory
(or theory of observational learning), it is possible to learn a given behavior merely by watching a model perform it.
Precontemplation stage
characterized by denial, resistance, and no plans to change.
Contemplation stage
a person begins to recognize the benefits of change and, although somewhat ambivalent, plans to change within the next 6 months. This best describes the person in this question.
Preparation stage
a person has decided to take action within the next 30 days and may have already begun to take small steps towards change.
Action stage
the person is actively engaged in making changes or acquiring new behaviors.
Maintenance stage
the person has maintained action for at least 6 months and is actively working to prevent a relapse
Overgeneralization
abstracting a general rule from one or two situations and then broadly applying it to other situations
selective abstraction
focus solely on a detail that is taken out of context
apraxia
an inability to carry out motor activities, or paralysis
Piaget
stressed that as children grow, they move from viewing rules as fixed dictates of authority to flexible instruments of human purposes that can be changed
Bandura
the effectiveness of modeling is mediated by four processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Motivation may but does not necessarily involve external reinforcement; it is also possible that behaviors learned through modeling can be internally or self-reinforcing (e.g., pride and satisfaction in accomplishment can operate as motivators).
You might have learned that Bandura does not believe that reinforcement is necessary for a behavior to occur and, as a result, chosen D. However, D is incorrect because mere exposure to a model is not sufficient for learning; the person must attend to the model, retain the model’s behavior, have the capability to reproduce the behavior, and be motivated to engage in the behavior
multitrait-multimethod matrix
used to assess convergent and divergent validity.
Cluster sampling
sampling technique in which groups of participants are selected instead of individuals
Minuchin’s structural family therapy
focuses on modifying aspects of the family structure (e.g., rules, boundaries, coalitions) that underlie family dysfunction. Homework is commonly assigned as a way of bringing about concrete change in the family’s behavior; enactments are role-plays that Minuchin often used to evaluate and modify the family structure; and family maps, or diagrams of the family’s boundaries, are constructed to help families and the therapist understand the family structure
When untreated, diabetes mellitus results in
increased appetite with weight loss, apathy, confusion, mental dullness, polyuria, polydipsia, and increased susceptibility to infection.
Cushing’s disease, hypersecretion of cortisol.
emotional lability, memory loss, depression, obesity
hyperthyroidism, or Grave’s disease
accelerated heart rate, agitation, nervousness, fatigue, insomnia, speeded up metabolism, elevated body temperature, heat intolerance, and increased appetite with weight loss
hypothyroidism
slowed heart rate, depression, lethargy, impaired concentration and memory, slowed metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, lowered body
Kohlberg
distinguishes between three levels of moral development (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional), and each of these levels is further divided into two stages. The individual described in this question is in the first stage of the preconventional level. At the preconventional level, morality is based on the consequences of an act. Good behaviors are rewarded and bad behaviors are punished. The next level is conventional, in which morality is guided by the desire to maintain existing social laws, rules, and norms. At the post-conventional (d.) or principled morality (a.) level, individuals view morality in terms of self-chosen principles, where one functions according to one’s own conscience, no matter what the conventional wisdom is.
Heteronomous morality
is a term use by Piaget to describe preschool children who believe that rules are absolute and unchangeable.
