Divisions of the nervous system

Question 1

What distinguishes brain structures

Answer 1

kinds of neurons, way neurons are arranged, way axons are distributed

Question 2

Afferent

Answer 2

sensory messages carried in superior portion of spinal cord, dorsal horns

Question 3

Efferent

Answer 3

motor messages in inferior portions, ventral horns

Question 4

Segments and groups of spinal cord

Answer 4

31 segments, 5 groups: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 5

Damage at cervical level causes

Answer 5

quadriplegia/tetraplegia - loss of sensory and voluntary motor functioning in arms and legs

Question 6

Damage at thoracic level causes

Answer 6

paraplegia loss of sensory and voluntary function in legs

Question 7

Autonomic nervous system components

Answer 7

parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

Question 8

Peripheral nervous system components

Answer 8

somatic and autonomic

Question 9

Hindbrain

Answer 9

pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 10

Midbrain

Answer 10

superior and inferior colliculi, sustantia nigra, reticular formation/RAS

Question 11

Forebrain

Answer 11

subcortical and cerebral cortex

Question 12

Subcortical structures

Answer 12

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 13

Cerebral cortex

Answer 13

frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes

Question 14

Brain and spinal cord covered by three layers (meninges)

Answer 14

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 15

CSF fills what

Answer 15

subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater), central canal of spinal cord and four cerebral ventricles

Question 16

Hydrocephalus cause

Answer 16

obstruction of flow of CSF, leads to build-up of fluid and enlargement of ventricles

Question 17

Peripheral nervous system consists of

Answer 17

12 cranial nerves and 31 sensory and motor nerves (spinal)

Question 18

somatic nervous system carries info from where to where

Answer 18

from sense receptors to CNS and from CNS to skeletal muscles

Question 19

autonomic nervous system

Answer 19

sensory nerves from viscera to CNS and motor nerves from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 20

Sympathetic

Answer 20

arousal and expenditure of energy

Question 21

Parasympathetic

Answer 21

conservation of energy, rest and relaxation

Question 22

Stages of brain development

Answer 22

proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination, synaptogenesis

Question 23

proliferation

Answer 23

new cells produced in neural tube - 2 1/2 week old

Question 24

migration

Answer 24

immature neurons migrate to final destination 8 weeks

Question 25

differentiation

Answer 25

neurons develop axons and dendrites

Question 26

myelination

Answer 26

glial cells form an insulating sheath around the cell’s axon – occurs postnatally

Question 27

synaptogenesis

Answer 27

formation of synapses, mostly occurs postnatally, influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors

Question 28

Apoptosis

Answer 28

cell death

Question 29

CT scan useful for

Answer 29

diagnosing pathological conditions such as tumors, blood clots, MS

Question 30

MRI better than CT b/c

Answer 30

not xray, better resolution, more detail, not just on horizontal plane - 3D

Question 31

What provide info on brain activity

Answer 31

SPECT and PET

Question 32

PET scan good for

Answer 32

assess cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease/dementia, schizophrenia