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EPPP - Irene 2014 > Brain anatomy > Flashcards

Brain anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

medulla location and function

A

between the spinal cord and brain, influences flow of information, coordinates swallowing, coughing, sneezing, regulates vital functions including breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

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2
Q

pons location and function

A

connects two halves of cerebellum, integration of movements in the right and left sides of body

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3
Q

cerebellum location and function

A

balance and posture (in conjunction with basal ganglia and motor cortex); vital to coordinated and refined motor movements; timing and coordination of actions and correction of errors while performing actions; sensorimotor learning, ability to shift attention from one stimulus to another

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4
Q

basal ganglia

A

initiation of motor actions

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5
Q

abnormalities in cerebellum linked to

A

autism, schizophrenia, ADHD

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6
Q

damage can cause

A

ataxia

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7
Q

ataxia

A

slurred speech, severe tremors, and loss of balance (similar to intoxication)

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8
Q

hindbrain structures

A

pons, medulla cerebellum

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9
Q

midbrain structures

A

superior/inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, reticular formation

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10
Q

superior and inferior colliculi route what

A

visual and auditory information (respectively)

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11
Q

substantia nigra involved in

A

motor activity, reward system

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12
Q

reticular formation location

A

from spinal cord through hind and midbrain into hypothalamus in forebrain

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13
Q

reticular formation consists of ? nuclei

A

90

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14
Q

reticular formation function

A

respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, REM sleep

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15
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS) vital to

A

consciousness, arousal, wakefulness; screens sensory input during sleep, awakens if necessary

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16
Q

Damage to RAS

A

disrupts sleep-wake cycle, can produce permanent coma-like sleep state

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17
Q

Anesthetics work on what

A

deactivating neurons in reticular formation

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18
Q

forebrain structures

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system

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19
Q

thalamus involved in

A

motor activity, language, memory, acts as relay station for all senses except olfaction

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20
Q

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome damage

A

thiamine deficiency causes atrophy in thalamus

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21
Q

wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia

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22
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome

A

severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabulation

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23
Q

hypothalamus involved in

A

hunger thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement, emotional reations

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24
Q

damage to hypothalamus

A

can cause uncontrollable laughter, aggression

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25
Q

hypothalamus function

A

monitors body’s internal states and initiates responses to maintain homeostasis through influence on ANS and pituitary and other endocrine glands

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26
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

mediates sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms

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27
Q

mammilary bodies involved in what

A

learning and memory

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28
Q

basal ganglia consists of what structures

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus (forebrain) and substantia nigra (midbrain)

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29
Q

basal ganglia involved in what

A

planning, organization, coordinating voluntary movement, regulating amplitude and direction of motor actions, sensorimotor learning and stereotyped species-specifc motor expressions of emotional state (eg. smile, frown, run)

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30
Q

What disorders associated with basal ganglia

A

Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, Tourette’s, OCD, ADHD

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31
Q

ADHD associated with what structural problems

A

smaller-than-normal caudate nucleus, globes pallid us and prefrontal cortex

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32
Q

What psychiatric symptoms associated with basal ganglia

A

mania, depression, OCD symptoms, psychosis

33
Q

Limbic system structures

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex

34
Q

amygdala function

A

integrates, coordinates, directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, involve in recall of emotionally-charged experiences

35
Q

flashbulb memories happen where

A

amygdala

36
Q

Kluver and Bucy syndrome (1938)

A

bilateral lesions in amygdala and temporal lobes reduces fear and aggression, increase docility and compulsive oral exploratory behaviors, alters dietary habits (vegetarian monkeys become meat eaters), produces hypersexuality and psychic blindness

37
Q

psychic blindness

A

inability to recognize significance or meaning of events/objects

38
Q

hippocampus

A

associated more with learning and memory, processing spatial, visual, and verbal information and consolidating declarative memories; converts short-term declarative memories to long-term

39
Q

epilepsy removal of medial temporal lobes causes

A

anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia for events occurring up to three years prior to surgery

40
Q

cingulate cortex location and function

A

surrounds corpus callosum, involved in attention, emotion, perception and subjective experience of pain (particularly anterior)

41
Q

Contralateral representation

A

for most sensory and motor functions, left controls right side of body except olfaction (left to left, right to right) and visual which goes to both sides – info from right visual field of each eye goes to left hemisphere and info from left visual field of each eye goes to right

42
Q

Left hemisphere / right hemisphere function

A

95-99% of right handed people
50-60% of left-handed people
Left = written, spoken language, logical analytical thinking
Right = spatial, creativity, facial recognition

43
Q

Which ear do people recall more digits

A

heard by ear that is contralateral to their dominant hemisphere, usually right ear

44
Q

Frontal lobe consists of what

A

primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, broca’s area, prefrontal cortex

45
Q

primary motor cortex location and function

A

located in precentral gyrus, movement

46
Q

damage to motor cortex causes

A

loss of reflexes, flaccid hemiplegia (loss of muscle tone) in areas contralateral to damage

47
Q

supplementary motor area (SMA) function

A

planning and control of movement; learning new motor sequences; motor imagery - mental representation of motor movement

48
Q

premotor cortex location and function

A

located anterior to primary motor cortex; control of movement in response to external/sensory stimuli

49
Q

broca’s area

A

located in inferior frontal region (usually on left); major motor speech area

50
Q

damage to broca’s area

A

expressive aphasia, difficulties producing written and verbal language

51
Q

Prefrontal cortex impacts performance on what tests

A

problem solving and creativity, attention, executive function

52
Q

PFC abnormalities related to what mental d/os

A

Schizophrenia, ADHD, dementia

53
Q

Damage to dorsolateral PFC results in; characteristics of individuals

A

dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome: impaired judgment, insight planning, and organization
concrete and perseverative, trouble learning from experience, neglect hygiene, reduced sexual interest, apathetic

54
Q

Damage to orbitofrontal PRC results in; characteristics of individuals

A

orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome (pseudopsychopathy); emotional lability, distractability, poor impulse control, impaired social insight
explosive aggressive outbursts, inappropriate jocularity, unusual or inappropriate sexual behavior, make lewd comments

55
Q

Damage to mediofrontal area results in; characteristics of individuals

A

mesial frontal apathetic syndrome (pseudodepression); impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions, diminished motor behavior and verbal output, lower-extremity weakness, sensory loss
Describe themselves as bored, lacking motivation, seem depressed but don’t have vegetative symptoms, negative cognitions, dysphoria characteristic of major depression

56
Q

Parietal lobe location; function

A

located on post central gyrus, contains somatosensory cortex, governs pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception, gustation

57
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning

58
Q

tactile agnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar objects by touch

59
Q

asomatognosia

A

failure to recognize parts of one’s body

60
Q

anosognosia

A

inability to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms ore other disorder

61
Q

lesions in right parietal lobe cause

A

contralateral neglect (loss of knowledge about or interest in left side of body)

62
Q

lesions in left parietal lobe

A

ideational apraxia (inability to carry out a sequence of actions); ideomotor apraxia (inability to carry out a simple action in response to a command

63
Q

Grestmann’s syndrome

A

finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, acalculia

64
Q

agraphia

A

AKA dysgraphia - inability to write

65
Q

acalculia

A

inability to perform simple mathematical calculation

66
Q

where is somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

67
Q

where is auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

68
Q

where is wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe usually left

69
Q

lesions in auditory cortex may cause

A

auditory hallucinations, auditory agnosia, other disturbances in auditory sensation and perception

70
Q

lesions in wernicke’s area

A

receptive aphasia and abnormal language production

71
Q

electrical stimulation of temporal lobe can elicit

A

complex, vivid memories previously forgotten

72
Q

lesions to temporal lobe

A

retrograde and anterograde amnesia for semantic and episodic memories

73
Q

where is visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

74
Q

posterior versus anterior function

A

posterior - macular vision (central retina)

anterior - peripheral vision

75
Q

apperceptive visual agnosia

A

unable to perceive objects despite intact visual acuity

76
Q

associative visual agnosia

A

unable to recognize object of focus as result of impaired memory or access to semantic knowledge

77
Q

damage to occipital lobes can cause

A

apperceptive or associative visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, cortical blindness

78
Q

left occipital damage can cause

A

simultanagnosia - inability to see more than one thing or aspect of an object at a time

79
Q

lesions at junction of occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes can cause

A

prosopagnosia - inability to recognize familiar faces

EPPP - Irene 2014 (10 decks)

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