Nervous System Flashcards
Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Lobes
Frontal Lobe
Prefrontal lobe serves cognitive functions that can be the basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousnes
ex. The prefrontal lobotomy is an outdatedmode of treatment for personality disorders (psychiatric conditions) that profoundly affected the personality of the patient
Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Lobes
Perietal Lobe
All of the tactile senses are processed in this area, including touch, pressure, tickle, pain, itch, and vibration, as well as more general senses of the body such asproprioceptionandkinesthesia, which are the senses of body position and movement; issomatosensation
Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Lobes
Temporal Lobe
Processing information from auditory senses, storing and retrieving memories, and understanding language.
Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Lobes
Occipital Lobe
Responsible for primary visual perception.
Brain Structure and Functions: Structures arising from the diencephalon
Diencephalon
“through brain.” It is the connection between the cerebrum and the rest ofthe nervous system, with one exception; sense of smell
Brain Structure and Functions: Structures arising from the diencephalon
Thalamus
“Pass and Process” All sensory information, except for the sense of smell, passes through the thalamus before processing by the cortex. It also processes that information.
Brain Structure and Functions: Structures arising from the diencephalon
Hypothalamus
In charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the anterior pituitary gland
Brain Structure and Functions: Structures arising from the diencephalon
Pituitary Gland
Secretes Hormones
Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Stem
Midbrain
coordinates sensory representations of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory perceptual spaces.
Brain Structure and functions:
Pons and Medulla
The pons and the medulla regulate several crucial functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates.
Brain Structure and Functions: Axons and main function
Axons
—a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.
Brain Structure and Functions: Myelinated axons Role of myelin
Myelin
A lipid-rich sheath that surrounds the axon and by doing so creates amyelin sheaththat facilitates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon; protects, allows signal to jump through neuron quicker
Brain Structure and Function: White and Gray Matter
White Matter
The brain regions with many axons
Brain Functions: White and Gray matter
Gray Matter
The regions with many cell bodies and dendrites
Brain Functions
Ganglion
A cluster of neuron cell bodies
Brain Functions: Primary function of brain ventricles
Brain Ventricles and funtions
Cavities in the brain that produce and transport cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the cranial cavity.
All ventricles are responsible to hold cerebralspinal fluid.
Neurotransmitters and Action Potentials:
Main neurotransmitter released by motor neurons
Acetylcholine: used at the neuromuscular junctions, triggering the firing of motor neurons and affecting voluntary movements.
Neurotransmitters and action potentials
Ion responsible for depolarization
Sodium ions (Na+)
Neurotransmitters and Action Potentials
Ion responsible for reporization
Potassium ions (K+)
Neurotransmitters and Action Potentials
Refractory Period
A period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation.
think an “upside down hill”
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
Sympathetic Nervous System
Triggers a “fight-or-flight” response, leading to effects like increased heart rate, dilated pupils, sweating, rapid breathing, decreased digestion, and increased blood pressure
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
Parasympathetic Nervous system
“Rest and Digest”
Cranial and spinal Nerves number
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Meninges layers
Meninges layers (In order)
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater
Stroke
FAST acronym for stroke recognition
- Face: They are having problems moving face muscles and are making irregular facial expressions
- Arms: One arm but not the other can be raised.
- Speech: Person is having trouble saying things, slurring words.
- Time Call for help.
Strokes
Ischemic stroke
“mini-strokes”: These are events in which a physical blockage may be temporary, cutting off the blood supply and oxygen to a region, but not to the extent that it causes cell death in that region
Strokes
Hemorrhagic stroke
Emergency condition when a blood vessel in your brain breaks (ruptures) and bleeds
Common Causes: high blood pressure, head injury, bleeding disorder etc.
Glial Cells and Their Functions
Astrocyte
Star-shaped glial cells, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system.contributing to theblood-brain barrier (BBB).
Glial Cells and Their Functions
Oligodendrocyte
Insulates axons in the CNS
Glial Cells and Their Functions
Microglia
The smallest glial cells
Glial cells
Ependymal cell
A glial cell that filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that circulates through the CN
Glial Cells
Satellite Cell
Found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons.
Glial Cells
Schwann cell
Insulate axons with myelin in the periphery
Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Retina
Dura mater
Thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord.
Arachnoid
Thin fibrous tissue that forms a loose sac around the CNS.
Pia Mater
Thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS
How many Cranial nerves do we have?
12
What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?
Pons
Sympathetic nervous system stimulate the heart to beat faster and stronger
True
Brodmann’s areas map different regions of the ________ to particular functions
Cerebral cortex
