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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Lobes

Frontal Lobe

A

Prefrontal lobe serves cognitive functions that can be the basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousnes

ex. The prefrontal lobotomy is an outdatedmode of treatment for personality disorders (psychiatric conditions) that profoundly affected the personality of the patient

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2
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Lobes

Perietal Lobe

A

All of the tactile senses are processed in this area, including touch, pressure, tickle, pain, itch, and vibration, as well as more general senses of the body such asproprioceptionandkinesthesia, which are the senses of body position and movement; issomatosensation

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3
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Lobes

Temporal Lobe

A

Processing information from auditory senses, storing and retrieving memories, and understanding language.

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4
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Lobes

Occipital Lobe

A

Responsible for primary visual perception.

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5
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Structures arising from the diencephalon

Diencephalon

A

“through brain.” It is the connection between the cerebrum and the rest ofthe nervous system, with one exception; sense of smell

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6
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Structures arising from the diencephalon

Thalamus

A

“Pass and Process” All sensory information, except for the sense of smell, passes through the thalamus before processing by the cortex. It also processes that information.

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7
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Structures arising from the diencephalon

Hypothalamus

A

In charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the anterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Structures arising from the diencephalon

Pituitary Gland

A

Secretes Hormones

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9
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Brain Stem

Midbrain

A

coordinates sensory representations of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory perceptual spaces.

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10
Q

Brain Structure and functions:

Pons and Medulla

A

The pons and the medulla regulate several crucial functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates.

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11
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Axons and main function

Axons

A

—a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.

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12
Q

Brain Structure and Functions: Myelinated axons Role of myelin

Myelin

A

A lipid-rich sheath that surrounds the axon and by doing so creates amyelin sheaththat facilitates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon; protects, allows signal to jump through neuron quicker

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13
Q

Brain Structure and Function: White and Gray Matter

White Matter

A

The brain regions with many axons

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14
Q

Brain Functions: White and Gray matter

Gray Matter

A

The regions with many cell bodies and dendrites

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15
Q

Brain Functions

Ganglion

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies

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16
Q

Brain Functions: Primary function of brain ventricles

Brain Ventricles and funtions

A

Cavities in the brain that produce and transport cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the cranial cavity.

All ventricles are responsible to hold cerebralspinal fluid.

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17
Q

Neurotransmitters and Action Potentials:

Main neurotransmitter released by motor neurons

A

Acetylcholine: used at the neuromuscular junctions, triggering the firing of motor neurons and affecting voluntary movements.

18
Q

Neurotransmitters and action potentials

Ion responsible for depolarization

A

Sodium ions (Na+)

19
Q

Neurotransmitters and Action Potentials

Ion responsible for reporization

A

Potassium ions (K+)

20
Q

Neurotransmitters and Action Potentials

Refractory Period

A

A period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation.

think an “upside down hill”

21
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Triggers a “fight-or-flight” response, leading to effects like increased heart rate, dilated pupils, sweating, rapid breathing, decreased digestion, and increased blood pressure

22
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

“Rest and Digest”

23
Q

Cranial and spinal Nerves number

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

24
Q

Meninges layers

Meninges layers (In order)

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater

25
Q

Stroke

FAST acronym for stroke recognition

A
  • Face: They are having problems moving face muscles and are making irregular facial expressions
  • Arms: One arm but not the other can be raised.
  • Speech: Person is having trouble saying things, slurring words.
  • Time Call for help.
26
Q

Strokes

Ischemic stroke

A

“mini-strokes”: These are events in which a physical blockage may be temporary, cutting off the blood supply and oxygen to a region, but not to the extent that it causes cell death in that region

27
Q

Strokes

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Emergency condition when a blood vessel in your brain breaks (ruptures) and bleeds

Common Causes: high blood pressure, head injury, bleeding disorder etc.

28
Q

Glial Cells and Their Functions

Astrocyte

A

Star-shaped glial cells, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system.contributing to theblood-brain barrier (BBB).

29
Q

Glial Cells and Their Functions

Oligodendrocyte

A

Insulates axons in the CNS

30
Q

Glial Cells and Their Functions

Microglia

A

The smallest glial cells

31
Q

Glial cells

Ependymal cell

A

A glial cell that filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that circulates through the CN

32
Q

Glial Cells

Satellite Cell

A

Found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons.

33
Q

Glial Cells

Schwann cell

A

Insulate axons with myelin in the periphery

34
Q

Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Retina

35
Q

Dura mater

A

Thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord.

36
Q

Arachnoid

A

Thin fibrous tissue that forms a loose sac around the CNS.

37
Q

Pia Mater

A

Thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS

38
Q

How many Cranial nerves do we have?

A

12

39
Q

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

A

Pons

40
Q

Sympathetic nervous system stimulate the heart to beat faster and stronger

A

True

41
Q

Brodmann’s areas map different regions of the ________ to particular functions

A

Cerebral cortex

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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