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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 4- Focus Points > Flashcards

Exam 4- Focus Points Flashcards

1
Q

Heart Location

A

The heart is positioned in the mediastirnum within the thoracic cavity, providing central access for efficient blood distribution.

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2
Q

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

A

This is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of diastole (just before the heart contracts). It’s about 120-130 mL of blood.

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3
Q

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

This is the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted (end of systole). Roughly 50-60 mL of blood.

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4
Q

Stroke Volume (SV))= EDV−ESV= 70ml= Blood Ejection per Contraction:

A

Each chamber of the heart pumps about 70 mL of blood with every beat in a resting adult.

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5
Q

Cardiac Output (CO

A

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute and is calculated: Cardiac Output (CO)=Heart Rate (HR)×Stroke Volume (SV)= Around 5 L/min.

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6
Q

Pulmonary Circuit Purpose

A

The pulmonary circuit directs deoxygenated blood to the lungs to receive oxygen before returning to the heart

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7
Q

Right Atrium Function:

A

The right atrium receives venous blood from the body via the superior and inferior venae cavae.

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8
Q

Left Atrium Function

A

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aorta to supply the body’s organs and tissues.

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9
Q

Ventricles functions (right and left)

A
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10
Q

Pericardium Function:

A

The pericardium surrounds and protects the heart, preventing friction and infection.

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11
Q

Visceral Pericardium Location:

A

The visceral pericardium, also called the epicardium, is the layer directly adhered to the heart’s outer surface.

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12
Q

Cause of Cardiac Tamponade:

A

Cardiac tamponade is caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity, which compresses the heart.

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13
Q

Tricuspid Valve Location:

A

The tricuspid valve is situated between the right atrium and right ventricle, preventing backflow of blood.

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14
Q

Aortic Valve Function

A

The aortic semilunar valve prevents blood from flowing back into the heart from the aorta.

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15
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node Role

A

The sinoatrial (SA) node is the natural pacemaker, initiating the heart’s electrical impulses and regulating rhythm.

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16
Q

Intercalated Discs in Cardiac Muscle:

A

Intercalated discs connect cardiac muscle cells, allowing coordinated contraction of the heart.

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17
Q

Cardiac Output Definition:

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute, a key measure of heart function.

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18
Q

Types of Shock:

A

Major types of shock include:
* hypovolemic (caused by blood loss)
* –cardiogenic (due to heart failure)–
* –septic (infection-induced)–
* anaphylactic (severe allergic reaction).

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19
Q

EKG Wave Correspondence

A
  • P wave: atrial depolarization (Smallest hump)
  • QRS complex: ventricular depolarization (largest one)
  • T wave: ventricular repolarization (Small-medium)
20
Q

Blood’s Primary Function:

A

Blood transports oxygen and essential nutrients to cells throughout the body.

21
Q

Plasma Composition of Blood:

A

: Plasma, the largest component of blood, serves as the medium for transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste.

22
Q

Hematocrit Purpose:

A

Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in blood, indicating oxygen-carrying capacity.

23
Q

Leukocytes’ Role in Immunity

A

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, protect the body against infections and foreign invaders.

24
Q

Origin of Blood Cells

A

All blood cells originate from multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow.

25
Q

Role of Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

EPO is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, especially in response to low oxygen levels.

26
Q

Erythrocyte Lifespan

A

Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, have an average lifespan of around 120 days.

27
Q

Ferritin in Iron Storage:

A

Ferritin is an iron-storage protein in the liver, crucial for supplying iron needed for red blood cell production.

28
Q

Definition of Anemia

A

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery

29
Q

Characteristics of Polyethemia

A

Polycythemia is an abnormally high red blood cell count, which increases blood viscosity and cardiovascular strain.

30
Q

Role of Lymphocytes:

A

Lymphocytes are white blood cells involved in adaptive immunity, targeting specific pathogens.

31
Q

Immunoglobulin Types and Roles

A

Immunoglobulin classes include:
* –IgE (involved in allergies)–
* IgA (found in mucosal areas)
* IgM (first antibody response)
* –and IgG (provides long-term immunity).–

32
Q

Innate immunity vs Adaptive immunity (T= cellular and B lymphocytes= Homoral)

A
33
Q

Role of Platelets in Clotting

A

Platelets are essential in blood clotting, forming plugs to prevent excessive bleeding.

34
Q

First Step of Hemostasis:

A

Hemostasis begins with vascular spasm, which constricts blood vessels to minimize initial blood loss.

35
Q

Fibrin’s Role in Clotting

A

Fibrin forms a mesh in a blood clot, stabilizing it to secure the wound site

36
Q

Cause of Hemophilia

A

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder caused by insufficient clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding.

37
Q

Arteries vs. Veins:

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure, while veins return blood to the heart.

38
Q

Function of Capillaries

A

Capillaries are tiny vessels where nutrient and gas exchange occur between blood and tissues.

39
Q

Unique Feature of Veins:

A

Veins have valves that prevent backflow, aiding the return of blood to the heart, especially in low-pressure areas.

40
Q

Pressure in Arteries:

A

Arteries experience the highest blood pressure as they carry blood directly from the heart’s forceful contractions.

41
Q

Measuring Blood Pressure

A

Blood pressure is typically measured with a sphygmomanometer, reflecting the force of blood against arterial walls.

42
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP):

A

: MAP is the average arterial pressure driving blood flow to tissues, crucial for organ perfusion. Also BP Systolic and Diastolic, and Pulse Pressure

43
Q

Vessel Compliance:

A

Compliance is the ability of blood vessels to expand under pressure, allowing stable blood flow.

44
Q

Impact of Arteriosclerosis

A

Arteriosclerosis reduces vessel compliance, leading to increased blood pressure and cardiovascular strain.

45
Q

Hepatic Portal System Function:

A

: The hepatic portal system directs blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing and detoxification.

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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