Endocrine System Flashcards
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones (also called corticotropin)
aldosterone
The hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex that stimulates sodium and fluid retention and increases blood volume and blood pressure. (A type of mineralocorticoid)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The hypothalamic hormone that is stored by the posterior pituitary and that signals the kidneys to reabsorb water calcitonin: peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland that functions to decrease blood calcium levels; a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced
cortisol
glucocorticoid is important in gluconeogenesis, the catabolism of glycogen, and the downregulation of the immune system
epinephrine
primary and most potent catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress; also called adrenal
estrogens
class of predominantly female sex hormones necessary for the development and growth of the female reproductive tract, secondary sex characteristics, the female reproductive cycle, and the maintenance of pregnancy
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cell
glucagon
pancreatic hormone that stimulates the catabolism of glycogen to glucose, thereby increasing blood glucose level
glucocorticoids
Hormones produced by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex that influence glucose metabolism
gonadotropin
hormones that regulate the function of the gonads
growth hormone (GH)
anterior pituitary hormone that promotes tissue building and influences nutrient metabolism (also called somatotropin
inhibin
hormone secreted by the male and female gonads that inhibits FSH production by the anterior pituitary
insulin
Pancreatic hormone that enhances the cellular uptake and utilization of glucose, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels
luteinizing hormone (LH
The anterior pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation, the production of ovarian hormones, and the production of testosterone
melatonin
Amino acid-derived hormone that is secreted in response to low light and causes drowsiness
mineralocorticoids
Hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex that influence fluid and electrolyte balance
norepinephrine
secondary catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress, also called noradrenalin (there is EPINEPHRINE, and NOREpinephrine)
oxytocin
hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland and essential in stimulating uterine contractions in labor, milk ejection during breastfeeding, and feelings of attachment (produced by males and females)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium level; helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. When calcium levels are low, the parathyroid glands release PTH, which tells the body to release calcium from bones and absorb more calcium from food. When calcium levels are high, the parathyroid glands stop producing PTH.
pineal gland
Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, which is important in regulating the sleep-wake cycle
pituitary gland
bean-sized organ suspended from the hypothalamus that produces, stores, and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic stimulation (also called hypophysis)
progesterone
predominantly female sex hormone important in regulating the female reproductive cycle and the maintenance of pregnancy
prolactin (PRL)
Anterior pituitary hormone that promotes the development of the mammary glands and the production of breast milk
testosterone
steroid hormone secreted by the testes and essential in the maturation of sperm cells, growth and development of the reproductive system, and the development of secondary sex characteristics
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
The anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (also called thyrotropin)
thyroxine
(also, tetraiodothyronine, T4) amino acid–derived thyroid hormone that is more abundant but less potent than T3and often converted to T3by target cells
Triiodothyronine
(also, T3) amino acid–derived thyroid hormone that is less abundant but more potent than T
Upregulation
Increase in the number of hormone receptors, typically in response to chronically reduced levels of a hormone
zona fasciculata
intermediate region of the adrenal cortex that produce hormones called glucocorticoids
zona glomerulosa
Most superficial region of the adrenal cortex, which produces the hormones collectively referred to as mineralocorticoid
zona reticularis
the deepest region of the adrenal cortex, which produces the steroid sex hormones called androgens
endocine
Hormones diffuse into the blood that can travel long distances throughout the body
autocrine
(auto = self); produces a chemical that is going to be used on the same cell that secreted said chemical
Paracrine
a type of cell signaling where a cell releases a signal to change the behavior of nearby cellsA chemical that produces a chemical in a neighboring cell
If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?
glucagon
The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.
TSH from the anterior pituitary
Endocrine glands ________.
secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?
kidneys
What cells secrete melatonin?
pinealocytes
The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.
exposure to bright light
Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.
paracrine
How many hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?
2
When blood calcium levels are low, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) stimulates ________.
The activity of osteoclasts
Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
