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Anatomy 1330/1060 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves

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3
Q

nervous system function

A

controls and integrates bodily activity
reacts to changes in external and internal environments

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4
Q

neurons

A

basic unit of nervous system
transmit electrical impulses to others to send info

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5
Q

multipolar motor neuron

A

sends signals from CNS to target organs

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6
Q

pseudounipolar sensory neuron

A

brings signals from periphery to CNS

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7
Q

neuroglia

nr·ow·glee·uh

A

non-neuronal, non-excitable cells
5x as abundant as neurons
supports neurons

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8
Q

central process

A

part of axon proximal to cell body

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9
Q

peripheral process

A

part of axon distal to cell body

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10
Q

ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies from multiple neurons within a nerve

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11
Q

Oligodendrocyte

uh·li·gow·den·druh·sites

A

-CNS
-forms several myelin sheaths around multiple axons

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12
Q

schwann cell

A

forms one myelin sheath around one section of an axon
-PNS

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13
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

degradation of oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

degradation of schwann cells

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15
Q

white matter

A

axon with myelin
transmits info

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16
Q

gray matter

A

cells bodies don’t have myelin so they look gray
process and stores info

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17
Q

unmyelinated neurons

A

need to depolarize at every point along axon
slow signal speed

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18
Q

myelinated neurons

A

depolarizes at nodes of ranvier, jumps from node to node
increase speed of signal

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19
Q

neuronal synapse

A

1) nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal of pre-synaptic neuron
2) impulse causes Ca channel to open and Ca ions rush in
3) neurotransmitter is released and crosses synaptic cleft to cause Na channels to open on post-synaptic neuron
4)Na ions flow to dendrites of post-synaptic neuron to initiate new nerve impulse

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

peripheral innervation to visceral organs and glands
involuntary

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21
Q

parasympathic signals

A

come from cranial nerves and sacral spinal levels (craniosarcal)

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22
Q

sympathic signals

A

come from spinal segments T1-L2 via sympathetic trunk

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23
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

peripheral innervation of voluntary tissues
voluntary motor control and peripheral sensation

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24
Q

components of SNS

A

motor and sensory

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25
Q

myotomes and dermatomes

A

motor-m, Sensory-d
used to determine if injury is central or peripheral and the level of injury

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26
Q

cerebrum

A

controls higher functioning and integration and processing of signals periphery

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27
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory and sensory integration

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28
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor and higher-order function

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29
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual and visual processing

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30
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory, smell and memory processing

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31
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
basal function and pathways

32
Q

cauda equina

kaa·duhee·kwai·nuh

A

made up of spinal nerves that go to the lower lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
leaves spinal cord at its termination (L2)

33
Q

pia mater

A

tender/soft
denticulate ligaments
directly attached to spinal cord

34
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

within subarachnoid space

suh·buh·rak·noyd

35
Q

arachnoid mater

A

spider like
middle layer of meninges

36
Q

dura mater

A

tough and hard
outer most layer of meninges

37
Q

meninges

A

3 membranes that cover spinal cord to anchor and protect them

38
Q

lumbar puncture

A

targeting subarachnoid space for CSG sample or fast-acting spinal anesthesia

39
Q

epidural

A

targeting epidural space for slow diffusion of anesthetic

40
Q

spinal nerves

A

extend into periphery from between vertebrae at each level of spinal cord
distribute motor signals, return by sensory signals

41
Q

motor spinal nerves parts

A

anterior/ventral horn, rootlets and roots
efferent

42
Q

sensory spinal nerves parts

A

posterior/dorsal horn, rootlets and roots
afferent

43
Q

rami

A

all have motor and sensory spinal nerves
relaying autonomic signals between the spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunk

44
Q

proximal to spinal nerve

x

A

anterior structures carry motor signals
posterior structures carry sensory signals

45
Q

in spinal nerve and distal to it

A

structures have both motor and sensory signals

46
Q

dermatomes

A

area of skin innervated by fibers from a single spinal nerve

47
Q

nerve map

A

area of skin innervated by a single peripheral nerve

48
Q

plexuses

A

peripheral nerves that carry fibers from multiple spinal levels
-branching network of nerves

49
Q

hypothalamus

A

generating a motor response to maintain homeostasis

50
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest
feed and breed

51
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight, flight or fright

52
Q

visceral afferent nerve

A

sensory input from organs
-part of ans

53
Q

visceral efferent nerves

A

motor output to organs (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)
-part of ans

54
Q

somatic motor system vs .visceral motor system

A

1 neuron system
vs
presynaptic neuron extending from CNS + postsynaptic neuron in PSN

55
Q

difference between SNS and PSNS

A

SNS- presynaptic neuron-shorter
postsynaptic neuron-longer
chem modulating synapse:
acetylcholine at proximal synapse
epinephrine at distal synapse

PSNS- presynaptic neuron-longer
postsynaptic neuron-short
chem modulating synapse:
acetylcholine at proximal synapse and distal synapse

56
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

begins in CNS and is myelinated

57
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

synapse in periphery with nerves from CNS and is unmyelinated

58
Q

PSNS vs. SNS in heart

A

SNS: increases heart rate and contraction force
PSNS: decrease heart rate and contraction force

59
Q

PSNS vs. SNS in lungs

A

SNS: bronchodilation, faster breath rate
PSNS: bronchoconstriction, slower breath rate

60
Q

PSNS vs. SNS in digestive system

A

SNS: decrease digestive activity, blood diverted to periphery
PSNS: increase digestive activity

61
Q

PSNS vs. SNS in saliva and tears

A

SNS: decrease saliva and tear production/excretion
PSNS: increase saliva and tear production/excretion

62
Q

PSNS vs. SNS with eyes

A

SNS: pupillary dilation
PSNS: pupillary contraction

63
Q

PSNS vs. SNS with genitalia and bladder

A

SNS: orgasm/ejaculation and decrease urinary function
PSNS: arousal/erection and increase urinary function

64
Q

PSNS vs. SNS in skin

A

only SNS, sweat gland excretion and hair erection

65
Q

sympathetic trunk

A

has sympathetic output neurons
all sympathetic fibers enter sympathetic trunk between T1-L2
purpose is to ascend or descend sympathetic signals
on each side of vertebral column

66
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

ganglia next to spinal column

67
Q

white and gray rami communicantes

A

connect ganglion to spinal nerve

68
Q

different sympathetic pathways

A

sympathetic neuron that synapse and exits on same level
sympathetic neuron that ascends or descends to synapse and exit at different level

69
Q

differences between sympathetic trunk and other areas

A

T1-L2, they have white (lateral) and gray rami communicantes
C1-C8 and L3-coogal nerve: only gray rami communicantes> only exiting

70
Q

splanchnic nerve

A

a presynaptic neuron that as/descend and leaves the sympathetic trunk without synapsing

71
Q

prevertebral ganglion

A

synapses at more distal neuron, anterior to cord
this innervates abdominal and pelvis organs

72
Q

referred pain

A

brain can’t tell difference from visceral or somatic pain because visceral sensory fibers and somatic sensory fibers use same pathway

ex. heart pain feels like upper chest/ arm pain
heart c4-t5
brachial plexus c5-t1

73
Q

oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve 3)

A

bright light=constriction of pupil (parasympathetic)
oculomotor neuron constricts sphincter pupillae muscle

dim light=dilation of pupil (sympathetic)
activates dilater pupillae muscle

74
Q

facial nerve

A

parasympathetic fiber to lacrimal glands + mucosa of nose and palate
parasympathetic fibers to sublingual and submandibular glands
reduction of tears, saliva and mucus
(cranial nerve 7)

75
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve 9)

A

production of saliva
parasympathetic to parotid gland
-visceral sensory from carotid sinus

76
Q

vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)

A

parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and upper abdominal organs
-majority of parasympathetic innervation to body
heart lungs, esophagus, foregut, midgut

77
Q

phrenic nerve

A

somatic
diaphragm

Anatomy 1330/1060 (6 decks)

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