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Human Bio ATAR > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the dorsal root ganglion contain

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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2
Q

what does the dorsal root contain

A

axons of sensory neurons taking information from the body to the spinal cord

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3
Q

what does the central root contain

A

contains the axons of motor neuron’s taking information from the brain to the body

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4
Q

what 3 structures protect the central nervous system

A

bone
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

list the 3 meninges in order from outer to inner

A

DURA MATER - tough and fibrous
ARACHNOID MATER - loose mesh fibres
PIA MATER - delicate

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6
Q

list the 3 functions of Cerebrospinal fluid

A

protection - acting as a shock absorber and cushions the CNS

support - keeps brain suspended in cranium

nutrients - circulates through the central nervous system carrying nutrients to the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what does grey matter contain (3)

A

nerve cell bodies
myelinated fibres
central canal

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8
Q

what does white matter contain (2)

A

myelinated fibres
bundles of fibres arranged in ascending and descending tracts

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9
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord

A

carrying impulses to and from the body via the ascending (sensory info to brain) and descending (motor info to body) tracts of white matter

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10
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis
controlling hormone secretion

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11
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

automatically adjusts body functions

cardiac centre - regulating heart beat
respiratory centre - regulating breathing rate
vasomotor centre - regulating the diameter of blood vessels

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12
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

conscious level

coordinates fine / controlled motor movement
muscle tone control (balance)
storing memory

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13
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum

A

nerve fibres connecting both hemispheres, allowing both sides to communicate with eachother

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14
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum (3x tracts)

A

tracts connecting areas within same hemisphere
tracts carrying impulses between hemispheres
tracts connecting cortex to other parts of brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

what does the left hemisphere control

A

right side of body
verbal function
speaking, reading, writing, analysis, logic

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16
Q

what does the right hemisphere control

A

left side of body
non-verbal functions
emotion, intuition, music, art, belief, picture

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17
Q

what is the role of the frontal lobe

A

movement and intelligence
thinking, problem solving, emotion, personality

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18
Q

what is the role of the parietal lobe

A

processing sensory information such as temperature, touch, taste and pain

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19
Q

what is the role of the temporal lobe

A

receives auditory information
processes memories through linking sense

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20
Q

what is the role of the occipital lobe

A

receiving visual information from eyes

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21
Q

what is the function of a neuron

A

generating electrochemical signals/impulses carried from one body part to another

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22
Q

what is the function of the neurolemma

A

outer of shwann cells, repairing injury

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23
Q

what is the function of shwann cells

A

firing myelin sheathe by wrapping around the axon depositing layers of myelin around each coil as they wrap

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24
Q

what are the 3 functions of myelin sheathe

A

insulator - preventing electrical current from leaving cell

protection - protection of axon

Speed - speeds up electrical conduction along axon

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25
Q

what is the electrical conduction called along a myelinated axon

A

saltatory conduction

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26
Q

what are unipolar neurons usually?

A

sensory neurons

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27
Q

what are multipolar neurons usually?

A

motor neurons
interneurons

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28
Q

what are 2 characteristics of unipolar neurons

A

1x extension
connecting to a continuous axon

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29
Q

what are 3 characteristics of bipolar neurons

A

2x extensions
1x axon
1x dendrite

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30
Q

what are 3 characteristics of multipolar neurons

A

multiple extensions
1x axon
lots of dendrites

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31
Q

what are 4 distinct differences between motor and sensory neurons

A

MOTOR - impulses from CNS -> body
SENSORY - impulses from body -> CNS

MOTOR - multipolar
SENSORY - Unipolar

MOTOR - cell body in grey matter of spinal cord
SENSORY - cell body is dorsal root ganglion

MOTOR - pass through ventral root
SENSORY - pass through dorsal root

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32
Q

define synapse

A

junction between branches of adjacent neurons

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33
Q

how is a nerve impulse transferred rapidly across a nerve fibre (2)

A
  1. change in electrical voltage
  2. change in concentration of positive and negative ions inside/outside of cell membrane of a neuron
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34
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of unstimulated nerve cells ?

A

-70mV

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35
Q

where is extracellular fluid and what ions does it contain

A

fluid outside of cell
containing Sodium ions

36
Q

where is intracellular fluid and what ions does it contain

A

inside of cell
containing potassium ions (K+) and large organic ions (-)

37
Q

what occurs at resting membrane potential if a stimulus occurs?

A

if sodium or potassium leaves cell, pumped back by sodium potassium pump

stimulus occurs, sodium gated channels open for sodium to flow into cell

38
Q

what occurs at threshold?

A

-55mV is reached

enough sodium enters the cell to reach -55mV (threshold)

39
Q

what occurs during depolarisation?

A

sodium enters inside of cell causing the inside of the cell to become more positive and the outside becomes more negative

40
Q

what occurs at the peak of the membrane potential arc?

A

everything is inside of the neuron cell
sodium channels close
potassium voltage-gated channels open

41
Q

what occurs during repolatisation?

A

potassium leaves the cell via potassium voltage-gated channels

42
Q

what occurs during hyperpolarisation

A

sodium and potassium pump swaps the sodium and potassium by pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium back into the cell

43
Q

what is a refractory period?

A

during membrane potential/ for a beige time afterward, part of the nerve cannot be stimulated to respond again

ends when resting membrane potential is regained

44
Q

what is meant by the all or none response ?

A

depolarisation only occurs if initial stimulus is strong enough (exceeds threshold) to open sodium gated channels

45
Q

how is resting membrane potential maintained ? (3)

A
  1. highly permeable to potassium and chlorine ions
  2. only slightly permeable to sodium ions
  3. impermeable to negative organic ions
46
Q

what is the difference between stimulus gated and voltage gated channels?

A

stimulus gated - open relative to stimulus and are always open depending on size of stimulus

voltage gated - open/close according to voltage of membrane = never always open, only open OR closed

47
Q

where are transmitters released into from the axon terminal ?

A

into the synaptic cleft

48
Q

what is the role of excitatory neurotransmitters

A

cause action potential in the receiving neuron

49
Q

what is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

causing hyperpolarisation in receiving neuron making it hard to generate action potential

50
Q

what happens if excitatory neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the post synaptic cell?

A

ion channels open, influx of sodium into cell, causing threshold to be reached and action potential to be triggered

51
Q

what happens to the neurotransmitter after it has binded to the receptor and passed in its action potential?

A

recycled back into the pre-synaptic cell

52
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is adrenaline?

A

excitatory

53
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is acetylcholine

A

both excitatory and inhibitory

54
Q

define receptor

A

structure able to detect a change in the bodies internal/external environment

specialised to respond by producing an electrical/chemical discharge (AP)

55
Q

define the role of thermoreceptors and their location

A

respond to heat and cold in the skin and hypothalamus

warm - fire fast if warmed
cold - fire fast if cold

56
Q

define the role of osmoreceptors and where they are located

A

detect the changes in osmotic pressure within the body

located in the hypothalamus which stimulate the hypothalamus to maintain water content in the body

57
Q

define the role of chemoreceptors and their location

A

stimulated by specific chemicals
chemicals bind to channels - ligand
located in the nose - sensitive to odour
located in aortic and carotid bodies detecting blood gas levels

58
Q

define the role of mechanoreceptors

A

sensitive to touch
light touch receptors that are able to adapt rapidly
located on skin surface and base of hair follicles

59
Q

define the role of nociceptors

A

sensitive to pain
stimulated by tissue damage
important for making body aware to take action and seek medical advice
located on skin surface and mucous membranes

60
Q

define reflex

A

rapid, automatic response in external/internal environment

61
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of a reflex

A

S - stimulus is required to trigger a reflex
I - involuntary (without conscious control)
R - Rapid occurring quickly
S - Stereotyped (happens the same @ every occurrence)

62
Q

what occurs during a spinal reflex ?

A

message is not sent to the brain first
the message is passed to motor neurons at another level on the spinal cord
impulse is sent to brain after reflex to become consciously aware

RECEPTOR —> EFFECTOR = SPINAL REFLEX

63
Q

what does the central nervous system involve

A

brain and spinal cord

64
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system involve

A

12x cranial nerves
31x spinal nerves

65
Q

what branches come off the peripheral nervous system ?

A

Afferent (sensory)
Efferent (motor)

66
Q

what branches off the efferent division of the nervous system ?

A

somatic (voluntary)
autonomic (involuntary)

67
Q

what is the effector in the somatic nervous system

A

voluntary skeletal muscles

68
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system

A

respond to the external environment

69
Q

which of the somatic and autonomic contains a ganglion ?

A

autonomic nervous system

70
Q

what is the effector of the autonomic nervous system ?

A

involuntary muscles and glands such as the heart

71
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

to maintain the bodies internal homeostasis levels

72
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system branch into

A

sympathetic (fight/flight) division
parasympathetic (rest and digest) division

73
Q

what regions of the spinal cord arise during a fight or flight response?

A

lumbar and thoracic region

74
Q

what region of the spinal cord arises during a rest and digest response?

A

the cranial and spinal regions (upper and lower)

75
Q

what neurotransmitters are released during a fight and flight response ?

A

acetylcholine released to the first ganglion
noradrenaline released to the effector

76
Q

what neurotransmitters are released in a rest and digest response?

A

acetylcholine both to the ganglion and effector

77
Q

which has a longer pre-ganglionic axon

A

parasympathetic nervous system

78
Q

what causes parkinson’s disease and what part of the nervous system is affected?

A

basal ganglion region in the substantial nigra (dopaminergic neurons)

dopaminergic cells stop making dopamine

79
Q

what are 3 symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

shakiness/tremours
cognitive improvement
sleep disorders
mental health disorders

80
Q

what are 2 treatments for parkinson’s disease?

A

cell replacement therapy - replacing damaged dopaminergic cells

levodopa/dopamine drugs

physiotherapy, deep brain stimulation

81
Q

what causes alzheimers disease?

A

slow plaque growth covering cerebrum which degenerates neuron’s

82
Q

what part of the brain is affected by alzheimers disease?

A

cerebrum

83
Q

what are 3 symptoms of alzheimers?

A

memory loss
aggression/irratic behaviour
difficulty thinking/understanding
inability to control muscles

84
Q

what are 2 treatments for alzheimers

A

physical exercise
cognition enhancing medication

85
Q

is cell replacement therapy possible for alzheimers disease? why?

A

not possible
too many cells affected in different areas

Human Bio ATAR (7 decks)

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