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Human Bio ATAR > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of Bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryote
divided by binary fission

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2
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of a virus

A

non-living acellular
contains genetic material

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3
Q

what are the 3 steps of virus reproduction

A
  1. infects and injects DNA/RNA
  2. infected cells is induced to translate/transcribe the genes of DNA/RNA
  3. virus particles then able to leave host cell to infect others
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4
Q

what are the 6 modes of pathogen transmission

A
  1. Contact - directed and undirected
  2. Transmission through droplets
  3. Bodily fluid transfer
  4. Airborne transmission
  5. Ingestion transmission
  6. Vector transmission
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5
Q

what are 2 characteristics of Non-specific defence

A

all pathogen protection
first/second line of defence

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6
Q

what are 3 characteristics of specific defence

A
  1. particular pathogen targeted
  2. 3rd line of defence
  3. antibodies against specific virus
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7
Q

what are the 5 modes of external defence

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. acids
  4. mouth
  5. bodily openings
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8
Q

why is skin effective as a component of external defence (4)

A

stratified epithelial structure
bacteria occupies surface (preventing growth)
sebum oily secretion preventing cracking
sweat - salty preventing growth

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9
Q

why are mucous membranes effective in external defence

A
  • membranes secrete mucous (trapping microorganisms
  • contains lysosome
  • cilia traps foreign particles
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10
Q

what are acids an effective component of external defence

A

acids reduce growth of microorganisms (strongly acidic killing bacteria)

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11
Q

why is the mouth an effective component of external defence

A

saliva contains lysosome

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12
Q

why are bodily openings an effective component of external defence

A

nose - hair/mucus
eyes - mucus membrane protection
ears - ceraumen

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13
Q

what are the 4 protective reflexes in external defence

A
  1. coughing
  2. sneezing
  3. vomiting
  4. Diarrhoea
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14
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death - infected cells, cancerous cells

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15
Q

what cells do specific defence include

A

T cells
B cells

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16
Q

what cells does non-specific defence include

A

macrophages
neutrophils

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17
Q

define the humoral response/antibody-mediated

A

antibody-mediated
- production of antibodies to attack invading pathogens

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18
Q

define the cell-mediated

A

formation of special cells (killer cells) to invade foreign agents

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19
Q

what cells to B cells produce and where do they mature ?

A

Produce Antibodies
Mature in bone marrow

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20
Q

what do T cells provide and where do they mature ?

A

Provide cell-mediated immunity
mature in thymus

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21
Q

what cells are involved in antibody-mediated immunity ?

A

plasma cells
memory B cells

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22
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce antibodies that attack the antigen

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23
Q

what do memory T/B cells do

A

spread around the body and are present for a faster response next time exposed

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24
Q

what cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Killer T cells
Helper T cells
suppressor T cells
memory T cells

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25
Q

what do killer T-cells do

A

kill cells infected with the vial pathogen

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26
Q

what do helper T-cells do

A

intensify immune response secreting cytokines which activate more B/T cells

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27
Q

what do suppressor T-cells do

A

control and regulate immune response and help end immune response
(opposes helper T cells)

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28
Q

define inflammation

A

the response to tissue damage involving swelling, heat, pain and redness of infected area

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29
Q

4 functions of inflammation

A
  1. mobilise defensive cells
  2. limits spread of pathogens
  3. kills pathogens - removing damaged cells/cell debris
  4. initiates repair of damaged cells
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30
Q

4 signs of inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. swelling
  3. heat
  4. pain
31
Q

define 4 functions of fever

A
  1. inhibits growth of bacteria / viruses
  2. speeds up rate of chemical reactions in body
  3. increases heart rate and blood flow (WBC reach site quicker)
  4. increases effect of interferon (interfering with viral reproduction)
32
Q

how is fever produced

A

during inflammatory response, some white blood cells release PYROGENS which act on HYPOTHALAMUS to reset body’s thermostat to a higher temp

33
Q

when body’s thermostat is raised what does a person do?

A

persons body temp - LOWER THAN NORMAL ( new thermostat temp)
feels cold - shiver/vasoconstrict

34
Q

when thermostat is raised, what type of activities does the body do

A

heat conserving and producing activities are done to drive temp up rapidly
= breaks fever

35
Q

when fever breaks what does a person do?

A

FEVER BREAKS
persons body temp - HIGHER THAN USUAL ( @ fever )
feels cold - sweat / vasodilate

36
Q

define the function of the lymphatic system

A

collects fluid that escapes from blood capillaries and returns it into the circulatory system
BODY’s INTERNAL DEFENCE

37
Q

what is a lymphocyte

A

white blood cell that is responsible for immune response

38
Q

define an Antigen

A

any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissues
capable of causing specific immune response

39
Q

define self antigen

A

molecules that don’t trigger an immune tesponse

40
Q

define non-self antigen

A

foreign molecules that trigger an immune response

41
Q

define an Antibody

A

a substance produced in response to a specific antigens
combines with antigen to neutralise and destroy it
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX

42
Q

define Antibiotics

A

drugs used to fight BACTERIAL infections

43
Q

what are broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

effective at killing wide range of bacteria

44
Q

what are narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

only effective at killing specific disease causing microorganisms

45
Q

define Bacteriocidal

A

KILLS BACTERIA by changing structure of cell membrane, or by disrupting the action of enzymes

46
Q

define Bacteriostatic

A

STOPS BACTERIA FROM REPRODUCING through disrupting protein-synthesis or inhibiting DNA replication

47
Q

what are antivirals

A

drugs used to specifically treat viral infections

48
Q

define immunisation

A

programming the immune system

49
Q

define a vaccination

A

artificial introduction of antigens of pathogenic organisms so that the ability to produce antibodies is acquired without person having to suffer disease

50
Q

4 types of artificial immunisation (vaccine)

A
  1. living attenuated microorganisms
  2. dead microorganisms
  3. toxoids
  4. sub-unit
51
Q

2 types of immunity

A

natural immunity
artificial immunity

52
Q

define immunity

A

resistance to infection by invading microorganisms

53
Q

what is natural immunity

A

occurs without human intervention

54
Q

what is artificial immunity

A

results from giving an antibody/antigen

55
Q

2 characteristics of ACTIVE immunity

A

produced own antibodies (given antigens to produce antibodies)
exposed to antigens (self/nonself)

56
Q

4 characteristics of PASSIVE immunity

A

given antibodies
no exposure to antigens
no immune response
no memory cells

57
Q

define Living attenuated microorganisms

A

Attenuated - reduced ability to cause disease symptoms

58
Q

Pro’s for Living attenuated microorganisms

A

stimulates excellent immune response / can replicate

59
Q

Cons for Living attenuated microorganisms

A

microorganisms can mutate, living bacteria can be contaminated by virus

60
Q

define what is in the Dead microorganism vaccines

A

Dead pathogen microorganism is injected into to patient

61
Q

Pro of dead microorganism vaccines

A

no live components so no risk of developing disease

62
Q

Cons of dead microorganism vaccines

A

not living - may not induce strong immune response

63
Q

What does a Sub-unit vaccine include

A

a fragment/particular protein of a particular pathogen used and injected

64
Q

Subunit vaccine Pro

A

components aren’t living
response can be safer/more stable

65
Q

Subunit vaccine cons

A

effort/cost requires to research the particular fragment that will produce the effective response

66
Q

What is a Toxoid vaccine

A

Bacteria produce their effects on human by releasing toxins - teach body how to kill toxin, not bacteria

toxin from a pathogenic organism that is altered so that it is no longer toxic

67
Q

Toxoid vaccine Pro

A

cannot cause disease
vaccine antigens not actively multiplying

68
Q

Toxoid vaccine cons

A

may require several doses / booster shots

69
Q

define Herd Immunity

A

resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity due to an increased proportion of individuals as a result of a previous infection/vaccination

70
Q

define a booster shot

A

additional dose of the vaccine needed to periodically ‘boost’ immune system

71
Q

2 Social concerns of vaccines

A
  • internet/media - misinformation about risks/benefits on immunisation
  • recent growth in popularity of alternative medicine gives the beliefs that vaccines are greater risk than benefit
72
Q

2 cultural concerns of vaccines

A

religious beliefs
traditional medicine is considered superior to conventional medicine

73
Q

2 economic concerns of vaccines

A

developing countries (average income - lower parent education)
costs associated with vaccines my be too expensive

Human Bio ATAR (7 decks)

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