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Human Bio ATAR > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of Bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryote
divided by binary fission

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2
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of a virus

A

non-living acellular
contains genetic material

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3
Q

what are the 3 steps of virus reproduction

A
  1. infects and injects DNA/RNA
  2. infected cells is induced to translate/transcribe the genes of DNA/RNA
  3. virus particles then able to leave host cell to infect others
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4
Q

what are the 6 modes of pathogen transmission

A
  1. Contact - directed and undirected
  2. Transmission through droplets
  3. Bodily fluid transfer
  4. Airborne transmission
  5. Ingestion transmission
  6. Vector transmission
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5
Q

what are 2 characteristics of Non-specific defence

A

all pathogen protection
first/second line of defence

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6
Q

what are 3 characteristics of specific defence

A
  1. particular pathogen targeted
  2. 3rd line of defence
  3. antibodies against specific virus
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7
Q

what are the 5 modes of external defence

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. acids
  4. mouth
  5. bodily openings
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8
Q

why is skin effective as a component of external defence (4)

A

stratified epithelial structure
bacteria occupies surface (preventing growth)
sebum oily secretion preventing cracking
sweat - salty preventing growth

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9
Q

why are mucous membranes effective in external defence

A
  • membranes secrete mucous (trapping microorganisms
  • contains lysosome
  • cilia traps foreign particles
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10
Q

what are acids an effective component of external defence

A

acids reduce growth of microorganisms (strongly acidic killing bacteria)

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11
Q

why is the mouth an effective component of external defence

A

saliva contains lysosome

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12
Q

why are bodily openings an effective component of external defence

A

nose - hair/mucus
eyes - mucus membrane protection
ears - ceraumen

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13
Q

what are the 4 protective reflexes in external defence

A
  1. coughing
  2. sneezing
  3. vomiting
  4. Diarrhoea
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14
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the second line of defence

A
  1. Leucocytes
  2. granulocytes
  3. monocytes
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15
Q

3 characteristics of macrophages

A
  1. phagocytic cell
  2. non specific - breaks pathogen into pieces turning into an antigen presenting cell
  3. widespread - found in body tissues and in bloodstream
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16
Q

2 characteristics of phagocytes

A
  1. any cell doing phagocytosis
  2. cells able to engulf microorganisms and cell debris
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17
Q

define phagocytosis

A

effective mechanism in destroying pathogens during non-specific immune response

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18
Q

characteristic of neutrophils

A

does phagocytosis

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19
Q

what is a dendritic cell

A

antigen - presenting cell
protects, engulfs, processes foreign pathogen

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20
Q

what is a natural killer cell (3)

A

non- phagocytic
non-specific defence
ability to do Apoptosis

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21
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death - infected cells, cancerous cells

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22
Q

what cells do specific defence include

A

T cells
B cells

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23
Q

what cells does non-specific defence include

A

macrophages
neutrophils

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24
Q

define the humoral response/antibody-mediated

A

antibody-mediated
- production of antibodies to attack invading pathogens

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25
Q

define the cell-mediated

A

formation of special cells (killer cells) to invade foreign agents

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26
Q

what cells to B cells produce and where do they mature ?

A

Produce Antibodies
Mature in bone marrow

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27
Q

what do T cells provide and where do they mature ?

A

Provide cell-mediated immunity
mature in thymus

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28
Q

what cells are involved in antibody-mediated immunity ?

A

plasma cells
memory B cells

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29
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce antibodies that attack the antigen

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30
Q

what do memory T/B cells do

A

spread around the body and are present for a faster response next time exposed

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31
Q

what cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Killer T cells
Helper T cells
suppressor T cells
memory T cells

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32
Q

what do killer T-cells do

A

kill cells infected with the vial pathogen

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33
Q

what do helper T-cells do

A

intensify immune response secreting cytokines which activate more B/T cells

34
Q

what do suppressor T-cells do

A

control and regulate immune response and help end immune response
(opposes helper T cells)

35
Q

define inflammation

A

the response to tissue damage involving swelling, heat, pain and redness of infected area

36
Q

4 functions of inflammation

A
  1. mobilise defensive cells
  2. limits spread of pathogens
  3. kills pathogens - removing damaged cells/cell debris
  4. initiates repair of damaged cells
37
Q

4 signs of inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. swelling
  3. heat
  4. pain
38
Q

define 4 functions of fever

A
  1. inhibits growth of bacteria / viruses
  2. speeds up rate of chemical reactions in body
  3. increases heart rate and blood flow (WBC reach site quicker)
  4. increases effect of interferon (interfering with viral reproduction)
39
Q

how is fever produced

A

during inflammatory response, some white blood cells release PYROGENS which act on HYPOTHALAMUS to reset body’s thermostat to a higher temp

40
Q

when body’s thermostat is raised what does a person do?

A

persons body temp - LOWER THAN NORMAL ( new thermostat temp)
feels cold - shiver/vasoconstrict

41
Q

when thermostat is raised, what type of activities does the body do

A

heat conserving and producing activities are done to drive temp up rapidly
= breaks fever

42
Q

when fever breaks what does a person do?

A

FEVER BREAKS
persons body temp - HIGHER THAN USUAL ( @ fever )
feels cold - sweat / vasodilate

43
Q

define the function of the lymphatic system

A

collects fluid that escapes from blood capillaries and returns it into the circulatory system
BODY’s INTERNAL DEFENCE

44
Q

what is a lymphocyte

A

white blood cell that is responsible for immune response

45
Q

what is lymphoid tissue

A

tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages
found in lymph nodes and also in bone marrow, tonsils, thymus

46
Q

define an Antigen

A

any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissues
capable of causing specific immune response

47
Q

define self antigen

A

molecules that don’t trigger an immune tesponse

48
Q

define non-self antigen

A

foreign molecules that trigger an immune response

49
Q

what is self tolerance

A

body doesn’t react against own DNA, proteins, cell membranes

50
Q

define an Antibody

A

a substance produced in response to a specific antigens
combines with antigen to neutralise and destroy it
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX

51
Q

define Antibiotics

A

drugs used to fight BACTERIAL infections

52
Q

what are broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

effective at killing wide range of bacteria

53
Q

what are narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

only effective at killing specific disease causing microorganisms

54
Q

define Bacteriocidal

A

KILLS BACTERIA by changing structure of cell membrane, or by disrupting the action of enzymes

55
Q

define Bacteriostatic

A

STOPS BACTERIA FROM REPRODUCING through disrupting protein-synthesis or inhibiting DNA replication

56
Q

what are antivirals

A

drugs used to specifically treat viral infections

57
Q

define immunisation

A

programming the immune system

58
Q

define a vaccination

A

artificial introduction of antigens of pathogenic organisms so that the ability to produce antibodies is acquired without person having to suffer disease

59
Q

4 types of artificial immunisation (vaccine)

A
  1. living attenuated microorganisms
  2. dead microorganisms
  3. toxoids
  4. sub-unit
60
Q

2 types of immunity

A

natural immunity
artificial immunity

61
Q

define immunity

A

resistance to infection by invading microorganisms

62
Q

what is natural immunity

A

occurs without human intervention

63
Q

what is artificial immunity

A

results from giving an antibody/antigen

64
Q

2 characteristics of ACTIVE immunity

A

produced own antibodies (given antigens to produce antibodies)
exposed to antigens (self/nonself)

65
Q

4 characteristics of PASSIVE immunity

A

given antibodies
no exposure to antigens
no immune response
no memory cells

66
Q

define Living attenuated microorganisms

A

Attenuated - reduced ability to cause disease symptoms

67
Q

Pro’s for Living attenuated microorganisms

A

stimulates excellent immune response / can replicate

68
Q

Cons for Living attenuated microorganisms

A

microorganisms can mutate, living bacteria can be contaminated by virus

69
Q

define what is in the Dead microorganism vaccines

A

Dead pathogen microorganism is injected into to patient

70
Q

Pro of dead microorganism vaccines

A

no live components so no risk of developing disease

71
Q

Cons of dead microorganism vaccines

A

not living - may not induce strong immune response

72
Q

What does a Sub-unit vaccine include

A

a fragment/particular protein of a particular pathogen used and injected

73
Q

Subunit vaccine Pro

A

components aren’t living
response can be safer/more stable

74
Q

Subunit vaccine cons

A

effort/cost requires to research the particular fragment that will produce the effective response

75
Q

What is a Toxoid vaccine

A

Bacteria produce their effects on human by releasing toxins - teach body how to kill toxin, not bacteria

toxin from a pathogenic organism that is altered so that it is no longer toxic

76
Q

Toxoid vaccine Pro

A

cannot cause disease
vaccine antigens not actively multiplying

77
Q

Toxoid vaccine cons

A

may require several doses / booster shots

78
Q

define Herd Immunity

A

resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity due to an increased proportion of individuals as a result of a previous infection/vaccination

79
Q

define a booster shot

A

additional dose of the vaccine needed to periodically ‘boost’ immune system

80
Q

2 Social concerns of vaccines

A
  • internet/media - misinformation about risks/benefits on immunisation
  • recent growth in popularity of alternative medicine gives the beliefs that vaccines are greater risk than benefit
81
Q

2 cultural concerns of vaccines

A

religious beliefs
traditional medicine is considered superior to conventional medicine

82
Q

2 economic concerns of vaccines

A

developing countries (average income - lower parent education)
costs associated with vaccines my be too expensive

Human Bio ATAR (7 decks)

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