HOMININS/TOOL CULTURE Flashcards
what time period did australopithecus afarensis live?
3.9-8.9 million years ago
where did australopithecus afarensis live?
East Africa
what was the brain capacity of Australopithecus Afarensis?
430cm^3
what time period did Australopithecus Africanus live
3.2-2 million years ago
what location did Australopithecus Africanus live in?
Southern africa
what was the brain capacity of Australopithecus Africanus
480cm^3
what was the time period for Paranthropus Robustus
2-1 million years ago
what location did Paranthropus Robustus live in
South Africa
what was the brain capacity for Paranthropus Robustus
520cm^3
what was the time period for Homo Habilis
2.3-1.5 million years ago
where were Homo Habilis located ?
Eastern and Southern Africa
what was the brain capacity of Homo Habilis
610cm^3
what tools did Homo Habilis use?
Oldewan tools
what type of food exploiting lifestyle did Homo Habilis live?
Scavenging Hunter lifestyle
what was the time period of Homo Erectus
1.9 - 110,000 years ago
what location did Homo Erectus live in?
migrated out of Africa into Europe and Asia
what was the brain capacity of Homo Erectus
800 - 1100cm^3
what lifestyle did Homo Erectus live? (3)
Terrestrial, no longer Aboreal
cared for elderly/sick
possibility of language
who was the first Hominin to use fire?
Homo Erectus
what tools were used by Homo Erectus?
Acheulian Tools - large hand axes, pointed picks, straight edged cleavers
what was the time period of Homo Neanderthalensis?
350,000 - 28,000 years ago
what location did Homo Neanderthalensis live in?
Europe and the Middle East
what was the brain capacity of Homo Neanderthalensis
1500cm^3
what lifestyle did homo neanderthalensis live? (5)
features suited to colder climate
controlled fire
communicated with language
wore clothing
hunter gatherer lifestyle
what tool culture was used by homo neanderthalensis
mousterian tool culture
what was the time period of Homo Sapiens
250,000 - now
what location did Homo Sapiens live?
widespread throughout the world
what was the brain size of Homo Sapiens
1350 - 1500cm^3
what tool culture was used by Homo Sapiens
Aurignacion
Magdalenian
Solutrian
how were Oldewan Tools made? (2)
one stone smashed against another stone to remove flakes - leaving a jagged, sharp edge
through Hard Hammer Percussion
what shape are Acheulian tools?
Tear drop shaped (biface)
how are acheulian tools made
standard design and manufacture regarding blows to the core to remove flakes
hard hammer percussion
what advancement do Acheulian Tools have over Oldewan Tools
standard design and manufacture
representing ability to plan and foresee what the stone will become
what are 6 benefits of fire
- kills bacteria - potential parasites/bacteria and reduces spread of disease
- keeps food for longer - difficult for bacteria to colonise
- easier digestion - easier to chew
- unlocking nutrients - release nutrients
- protection from predators
- warmth
- tempering
- social significance
what technique is used to make mousterian tools
the lavellois technique
describe the 3 step process of the Lavellois technique
- core circumference prepared by striking chips away at edge of pebble
- each flat surface created is struck at right angles to produce tortoise shape
- large shape struck from prepared core to produce an actual tool
what percussion method is used the
the lavellois technique
bone is used
soft hammer percussion
what is the purpose of soft hammer percussion
to have more control over where the stone would fracture
what was the first tool to be hafted
mousterian - Neanderthals
what is different about neanderthal culture from other hominids (2)
wore clothing
string evidence of burials - belief in afterlife, spirituality, religion
what is an example of aurignation tools
blade tools
what are soulutrian tools ?
beautiful willow leaf shaped blades
made through pressure flaking
what are 2 examples of solutrian tools and their use
spears
javelins
hunting animals
what are Magdelenian tools
give 2 examples
bone and antler tools made using bruin
needles, finishing hooks
define burin
chisel/cutter used to make other tools
define portable art (2 examples)
carried art
carvings, figurines
give 2 examples of mural art
cave walls
permanent surfaces
what are 5 types of art found from Homo Sapiens
- Figurines
- Ivory Beads
- Cave paintings
- statues of women
- bone flutes
what was significant of Homo Sapien culture
complete labour division
art, creations, professions, mastering of skills
what were mousterian tools made out of
flint
what were aurignacion blade tools made from
bone, antler, stine
what were solutrian tools made from
flint
what were oldewan tools made from
stone
