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Human Bio ATAR > EVOLUTION > Flashcards

EVOLUTION Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define fossil

A

any preserved trace left by an organism that lived long ago

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2
Q

define the 4 steps involved in fossil formation

A
  1. Death and decay
  2. Rapid burial
  3. Permineralisation
  4. Erosion and Exposure
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3
Q

define 4 optimal conditions for fossil formation

A
  1. Rapid Burial
  2. Alkaline soil conditions
  3. contains hard body parts - bone, teeth, shell
  4. absence of decaying microorganisms
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4
Q

define artefacts

A

objects made by humans
eg. stone tools, carvings, paintings

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5
Q

what are 4 problems with the fossil record

A
  1. fossils aren’t found yet
  2. fossils cannot be dated
  3. didn’t get fossilised
  4. only some parts of organism was fossilised
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6
Q

what are 2 dating techniques of fossils

A

absolute dating
relative dating

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7
Q

define absolute dating

A

finding out the actual age of specimen in years

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8
Q

define relative dating

A

comparing of fossils to tell us whether the specimen is older or younger than another fossil

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9
Q

what is the half life for Potassium Argon Dating

A

1.25 billion years

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10
Q

what occurs over time for potassium argon dating to be measured

A

potassium-40 levels decrease
argon-40 levels increase

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11
Q

what is potassium argon dating used for

A

dating volcanic rocks, not fossils

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12
Q

what age can potassium argon dating be used to date fossils

A

samples older than 100,000-200,000 years old

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13
Q

what occurs overtime in carbon-14 dating

A

carbon-14 levels decrease, Nitrogen-14 increase

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14
Q

what is the half life for carbon-14 dating

A

5730 years

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15
Q

what is radiocarbon dating used to date

A

anything that used to be living (contained CO2)

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16
Q

define stratigraphy

A

study of layers (strata)

17
Q

what are the two types of stratigraphy

A

principal of superposition
correlation of rock strata

18
Q

what does the principal of superposition assume

A

assumes that in layers of sedimentary rock, the layers at the top are younger than the layers beneath

19
Q

what is a limitation for the principal of superpostition

A

animals/humans sometimes bury artefacts /fossils - placing them deeper leading to an inaccurate assumption of their age

20
Q

what occurs in the correlation of rock strata

A

involving matching layers of rock of similar age from different areas

21
Q

define index fossils

A

living things that were present on earth for a short amount of time and are widely distributed on earth

22
Q

define evolution

A

the gradual change in characteristics of a species overtime

23
Q

define speciation

A

two populations because different enough through evolution that they can no longer interbreed to form new species

24
Q

define comparing dna

A

the sequences/order of nitrogenous bases in a dna sequence are analysed for similarities

25
Q

what occurs in comparative genomics

A

the complete set of dna in a cell of an organism is analysed

26
Q

what are endogenous retroviruses

A

stretches of non-functioning dna
sequences of dna that have become part of an organisms genome when an ancient virus inserted its genetic material into a cell

27
Q

why do we compare mitochondria in comparative studies

A

mtDNA is inherited from an individuals mother
allowing to trace back to maternal common ancestor

28
Q

what can be analysed in protein sequence comparing

A

sequences in which proteins are joined
compare type and sequence of amino acids in similar proteins

29
Q

what are proteins found in all species called
give an example

A

ubiquitous proteins
cytochrome C - cellular respiration

30
Q

define bioinformatics

A

used to align the sequences and find similarities and differences in dna sequences through computer analysis

31
Q

define the importance of comparative embryology

A

comparing the early stages of development in organisms

strong similarities in embryos at different times for different species evolving from a common ancestor

32
Q

define what homologous structures

A

similar structures in anatomy that are inherited by common ancestors
ex. pentacle limb structure

33
Q

define what is meant by vestigial structures

A

structures of reduced size that don’t have a function

remains of organs that once functioned in ancestral forms but overtime, due to changing environments and living conditions, their function became non-essential

Human Bio ATAR (7 decks)

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