ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards
define a hormone
chemical secretion from endocrine gland
how are hormones transported around the body
transported in the body via blood affecting cells
where are receptors located for protein amine hormones ?
attach to receptors in outside of the cell
not able to cross cell membrane
where are receptors located for steroid hormones ?
attach to receptors on inside of the cell
able to cross the cell membrane
which type of hormones alter gene expression
steroid hormones
which type of hormones alter enzyme activity
protein/amine hormones
what are paracrines?
local hormones - released by cells in particular tissues to communicate with adjacent cells in tissue
what is enzyme amplication
1 hormone leads to production of thousands of enzymes
what is hormone clearance
when the hormone has produced its desired effect - needs to be turned off
define negative feedback
response produced by secretions of hormones being opposite to stimulus that caused secretion
(oppose stimulus change)
what are the two lobes of the pituitary gland and where are they located
Anterior Pituitary Gland ( FRONT )
Posterior Pituitary Gland ( BACK )
how is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?
via the infundibulum
how is the PPG connected to the hypothalamus ?
via nerve cells (neurosecretory cells)
how is the APG connected to the hypothalamus ?
via blood vessels
how does the hypothalamus communicate with the APG
hypothalamus makes release factors for the specific hormone needing to be made
sends it to the APG via blood vessels in the infundibulum
these release factors bind to specific endocrine receptor cells in APG
stimulating it to make/release the hormone into the blood
what hormones are made in the APG?
Growth Hormone
TSH ( thyroid stimulating ) hormone
FSH ( follicle stimulating ) hormone
LH ( luteinising ) hormone
ACTH ( adrenocorticotrophic ) hormone
Prolactin
what hormones are released by the PPG?
Oxytocin
Anti diuretic Hormone
where is the Pineal gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?
located deep inside brain
secretes melatonin involved in regulation of sleep patterns
where is the Thyroid gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?
located in the neck, below larynx
secretes thyroxine and calcitonin
describe the function of thyroxine on the body
thyroxine acts to increase metabolic rate, which increases heat production
describe the function of calcitonin
acts to decrease blood calcium - opposing parathormone
where is the Parathyroid gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?
located in chest, above heart, sternum
secretes parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
4x on THYMUS
what effect does parathormone (parathyroid hormone) have on the body
increases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
where is the Thymus gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?
located in chest, above heart, sternum
secretes thymosins
what effect do thymosis have on the body?
activates maturation of T cells , increasing immune function
where are the adrenal glands located ?
above each kidney
where is the adrenal medulla gland located and what hormone does it secrete ? (2)
Inner adrenal gland
- Adrenaline
- Noradrenaline
produces hormones involved in fight and flight response
what effect does adrenaline have on the body ?
prepares boys for reaction to life threatening situation
what effect does noradrenaline have on the body?
increases the rate and force of heartbeat
where is the Adrenal Cortex gland located and what hormones does it secrete ? (2)
located on the outer of the adrenal gland
20+ hormones produced (corticosteroids)
1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol
what effect does aldosterone have on the body
salt-retention hormone
acting on the kidney to reduce the amount of sodium in urine and increase the amount of potassium in urine to be excreted
what effect does cortisol have on the body
promotes normal metabolism by helping the body withstand stress and repairs damaged tissue
where is the pancreas located and what hormone does it secrete ?
below stomach
secretes INSULIN and GLUCAGON controlling blood glucose levels
what effect does insulin have on the body and what cells secrete this
Insulin is secreted from BETA cells in ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
- acts to reduce blood glucose levels by promoting the storage of glucose in tissues
what effect does Glucagon have on the body and what cells secrete this?
Glucagon is secreted from ALPHA cells in ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
- acts to increase glucose levels in the blood by promoting breakdown of glycogen to glucose and fat in liver/fat stores to make glucose
where is the Ovary located and what hormone does it secrete ?
female reproductive system
- estrogen
- progesterone
what effect does oestrogen and progesterone have on the female body? (2)
stimulates development of female sex characteristics
regulates menstrual cycles and involved in changes during pregnancy
where are the Testes located and what hormone does it secrete ?
located in male reproductive system
releases ANDROGENS
what effect does androgens have on the male body?
responsible for development of male sex characteristics
what are the two factors that are similar in both type 1 and 2 diabetes ?
high glucose levels in blood (hyperglycaemia)
excess urination, fatigue, thirst, glucose in urine
which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes does not make insulin?
Type 1
which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is insulin resistant?
type 2
which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is early onset?
type 1
which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is late onset?
type 2
what causes type 1 diabetes ?
genetics
autoimmune disease ( beta cells destroyed )
what causes type 2 diabetes?
poor diet
lifestyle choices
lack of exercise
smoking
define hyperthyroidism
too much thyroxine
ex. Graves’ disease (enlargement of thyroid gland caused by immune system reaction)
⬆️ thyroxine ⬆️ metabolic rate ⬆️ heat production
define hypothyroidism
too little thyroxine
ex. problems with thyroid gland/pituitary gland
Hashimotos - autoimmune disease
⬇️ thyroxine ⬇️ metabolic rate ⬇️ heat production
4 symptoms of HYPERthyroidism
feel hot
weight loss
fatigue
increased appetite
4 symptoms of HYPOthyroidism
feel cold
weight gain
fatigue
decreased appetite
goitre
3 causes of HYPERthyroidism
pituitary secreting too much thyroxine
autoimmune disease
antibodies mimicking TSH
3 causes of HYPOthyroidism
pituitary secreting too little thyroxine
iodine deficiency
3 treatments for HYPERthyroidism
surgery
radioactive iodine
drugs blocking iodine
3 treatments for HYPOthyroidism
increase iodine levels (iodine tablets)
thyroxine tablets
passage of information for endocrine and nervous system
endocrine : chemicals /hormones
nervous : electrical conduction
sensory receptors in endocrine and nervous system (absent or there)
endocrine - absent
nervous system- present
rapidity of endocrine and nervous
endocrine - slow
nervous system- rapid
connection to target cells in endocrine and nervous system
endocrine - not connected to target cells
nervous - directly connected to target cells
response to message in endocrine and nervous system
endocrine - slow (produced by all cells if target tissue)
nervous - quick ( limited to cells connected to nerves )
role in growth and development in endocrine and nervous systems
endocrine - controls G/D
nervous system- little control of G/D
components making up endocrine and nervous systems
endocrine - glands and secretions
nervous - neurons, nerves, organs
duration of time (effect) of endocrine and nervous systems
endocrine - chemical = longer lasting
nervous - nervous = shorter lasting
actions (vol/invol) of endocrine and nervous systems
endocrine - involuntary
nervous - involuntary/voluntary
