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Human Bio ATAR > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

define a hormone

A

chemical secretion from endocrine gland

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2
Q

how are hormones transported around the body

A

transported in the body via blood affecting cells

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3
Q

what do hormones do ?

A

hormones change functioning of target cells by changing the type, activities or quantities of proteins produced

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4
Q

where are receptors located for protein amine hormones ?

A

attach to receptors in outside of the cell
not able to cross cell membrane

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5
Q

where are receptors located for steroid hormones ?

A

attach to receptors on inside of the cell
able to cross the cell membrane

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6
Q

which type of hormones alter gene expression

A

steroid hormones

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7
Q

which type of hormones alter enzyme activity

A

protein/amine hormones

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8
Q

what are paracrines?

A

local hormones - released by cells in particular tissues to communicate with adjacent cells in tissue

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9
Q

what is enzyme amplication

A

1 hormone leads to production of thousands of enzymes

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10
Q

what is hormone clearance

A

when the hormone has produced its desired effect - needs to be turned off

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11
Q

define negative feedback

A

response produced by secretions of hormones being opposite to stimulus that caused secretion
(oppose stimulus change)

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12
Q

what are the two loves of the pituitary gland and where are they located

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland ( FRONT )
Posterior Pituitary Gland ( BACK )

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13
Q

how is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

via the infundibulum

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14
Q

how is the PPG connected to the hypothalamus ?

A

via nerve cells (neurosecretory cells)

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15
Q

how is the APG connected to the hypothalamus ?

A

via blood vessels

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16
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the APG

A

hypothalamus makes release factors for the specific hormone needing to be made
sends it to the APG via blood vessels in the infundibulum
these release factors bind to specific endocrine receptor cells in APG
stimulating it to make/release the hormone into the blood

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17
Q

what hormones are made in the APG?

A

Growth Hormone
TSH ( thyroid stimulating ) hormone
FSH ( follicle stimulating ) hormone
LH ( luteinising ) hormone
ACTH ( adrenocorticotrophic ) hormone
Prolactin

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18
Q

what hormones are released by the PPG?

A

Oxytocin
Anti diuretic Hormone

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19
Q

where is the Pineal gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?

A

located deep inside brain
secretes melatonin involved in regulation of sleep patterns

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20
Q

where is the Thyroid gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?

A

located in the neck, below larynx
secretes thyroxine and calcitonin

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21
Q

describe the function of thyroxine on the body

A

thyroxine acts to increase metabolic rate, which increases heat production

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22
Q

describe the function of calcitonin

A

acts to decrease blood calcium - opposing parathormone

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23
Q

where is the Parathyroid gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?

A

located in chest, above heart, sternum
secretes parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
4x on THYMUS

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24
Q

what effect does parathormone (parathyroid hormone) have on the body

A

increases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

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25
Q

where is the Thymus gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?

A

located in chest, above heart, sternum
secretes thymosins

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26
Q

what effect do thymosis have on the body?

A

activates maturation of T cells , increasing immune function

27
Q

where are the adrenal glands located ?

A

above each kidney

28
Q

where is the adrenal medulla gland located and what hormone does it secrete ? (2)

A

Inner adrenal gland
- Adrenaline
- Noradrenaline
produces hormones involved in fight and flight response

29
Q

what effect does adrenaline have on the body ?

A

prepares boys for reaction to life threatening situation

30
Q

what effect does noradrenaline have on the body?

A

increases the rate and force of heartbeat

31
Q

where is the Adrenal Cortex gland located and what hormones does it secrete ? (2)

A

located on the outer of the adrenal gland
20+ hormones produced (corticosteroids)
1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol

32
Q

what effect does aldosterone have on the body

A

salt-retention hormone
acting on the kidney to reduce the amount of sodium in urine and increase the amount of potassium in urine to be excreted

33
Q

what effect does cortisol have on the body

A

promotes normal metabolism by helping the body withstand stress and repairs damaged tissue

34
Q

where is the pancreas located and what hormone does it secrete ?

A

below stomach
secretes INSULIN and GLUCAGON controlling blood glucose levels

35
Q

what effect does insulin have on the body and what cells secrete this

A

Insulin is secreted from BETA cells in ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
- acts to reduce blood glucose levels by promoting the storage of glucose in tissues

36
Q

what effect does Glucagon have on the body and what cells secrete this?

A

Glucagon is secreted from ALPHA cells in ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
- acts to increase glucose levels in the blood by promoting breakdown of glycogen to glucose and fat in liver/fat stores to make glucose

37
Q

where is the Ovary located and what hormone does it secrete ?

A

female reproductive system
- estrogen
- progesterone

38
Q

what effect does oestrogen and progesterone have on the female body? (2)

A

stimulates development of female sex characteristics
regulates menstrual cycles and involved in changes during pregnancy

39
Q

where are the Testes located and what hormone does it secrete ?

A

located in male reproductive system
releases ANDROGENS

40
Q

what effect does androgens have on the male body?

A

responsible for development of male sex characteristics

41
Q

what are the two factors that are similar in both type 1 and 2 diabetes ?

A

high glucose levels in blood (hyperglycaemia)
excess urination, fatigue, thirst, glucose in urine

42
Q

which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes does not make insulin?

A

Type 1

43
Q

which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is insulin resistant?

A

type 2

44
Q

which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is early onset?

A

type 1

45
Q

which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is late onset?

A

type 2

46
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes ?

A

genetics
autoimmune disease ( beta cells destroyed )

47
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes?

A

poor diet
lifestyle choices
lack of exercise
smoking

48
Q

define hyperthyroidism

A

too much thyroxine
ex. Graves’ disease (enlargement of thyroid gland caused by immune system reaction)
⬆️ thyroxine ⬆️ metabolic rate ⬆️ heat production

49
Q

define hypothyroidism

A

too little thyroxine
ex. problems with thyroid gland/pituitary gland
Hashimotos - autoimmune disease
⬇️ thyroxine ⬇️ metabolic rate ⬇️ heat production

50
Q

4 symptoms of HYPERthyroidism

A

feel hot
weight loss
fatigue
increased appetite

51
Q

4 symptoms of HYPOthyroidism

A

feel cold
weight gain
fatigue
decreased appetite
goitre

52
Q

3 causes of HYPERthyroidism

A

pituitary secreting too much thyroxine
autoimmune disease
antibodies mimicking TSH

53
Q

3 causes of HYPOthyroidism

A

pituitary secreting too little thyroxine
iodine deficiency

54
Q

3 treatments for HYPERthyroidism

A

surgery
radioactive iodine
drugs blocking iodine

55
Q

3 treatments for HYPOthyroidism

A

increase iodine levels (iodine tablets)
thyroxine tablets

56
Q

passage of information for endocrine and nervous system

A

endocrine : chemicals /hormones
nervous : electrical conduction

57
Q

sensory receptors in endocrine and nervous system (absent or there)

A

endocrine - absent
nervous system- present

58
Q

rapidity of endocrine and nervous

A

endocrine - slow
nervous system- rapid

59
Q

connection to target cells in endocrine and nervous system

A

endocrine - not connected to target cells
nervous - directly connected to target cells

60
Q

response to message in endocrine and nervous system

A

endocrine - slow (produced by all cells if target tissue)
nervous - quick ( limited to cells connected to nerves )

61
Q

role in growth and development in endocrine and nervous systems

A

endocrine - controls G/D
nervous system- little control of G/D

62
Q

components making up endocrine and nervous systems

A

endocrine - glands and secretions
nervous - neurons, nerves, organs

63
Q

duration of time (effect) of endocrine and nervous systems

A

endocrine - chemical = longer lasting
nervous - nervous = shorter lasting

64
Q

actions (vol/invol) of endocrine and nervous systems

A

endocrine - involuntary
nervous - involuntary/voluntary

Human Bio ATAR (7 decks)

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