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Anaphy Lec > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Regulates unconscious body functions to maintain homeostasis

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System Types

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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3
Q

Structures
Nerve Fibers:
(Preganglionic) that arise from thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord join a prevertebral ganglion, then from here nerve fibers exit (postganglionic) and connect to the vital organs

A

Sympathetic

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4
Q

Functions
• Dilation of pupils of the eyes and bronchioles of lungs

A

Sympathetic

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5
Q

Structures
Nerve Fibers:
(Preganglionic) that arise from brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord to join the nerve fibers (postganglionic) in the muscles and glands

A

Parasympathetic

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6
Q

Functions
• Constricts pupils of the eyes and bronchioles of lungs

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

• Decreases heart rate, blood glucose concentration, blood to skeletal muscles

A

Parasympathetic

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8
Q

• Increases peristaltic action, glandular secretions, blood to digestive organs

A

Parasympathetic

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9
Q

• Contracts muscles of gallbladder and urinary bladder

A

Parasympathetic

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10
Q

• Increases heart rate, blood glucose concentration, blood to skeletal muscles

A

Sympathetic

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11
Q

• Slows peristaltic action

A

Sympathetic

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12
Q

• Decreases glandular secretions, blood to digestive organs

A

Sympathetic

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13
Q

• Relaxes muscles of gallbladder and urinary bladder

A

Sympathetic

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14
Q

receives stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors

A

Dendrite:

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15
Q
  • processes stimulus
  • contains a nucleus
A

• Cell body:

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16
Q

transmits stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other
neuron

A

• Axon:

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17
Q

• Myelinated axons conduct action potentials more quickly (3-15 meters/sec) than unmyelinated due to

A

Nodes of Ranvier.

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18
Q

disease of myelin sheath that causes loss of muscle function

A

• Multiple sclerosis:

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19
Q

Types of Neurons

A

• Multipolar

• Bipolar:

• Pseudo-unipolar:

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20
Q
  • many dendrites and a single axon Ex. CNS and most motor neurons
A

• Multipolar

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21
Q
  • one dendrite and one axon
  • Ex. Eye and nasal cavity
A

• Bipolar:

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22
Q
  • one axon and no dendrites
  • Ex. Sensory neurons
A

• Pseudo-unipolar:

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23
Q

Neuroglia Characteristics

A

• Supporting cells for neurons
• More numerous than neurons
• Can divide to produce more cells

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24
Q
  • star-shaped
  • most abundant
  • form blood-brain barrier
A

Astrocytes:

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25
Q

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

• Ependymal Cells:

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26
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A

Astrocytes:

Ependymal Cells:

Microglia:

Oligodendrocytes:

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27
Q

help remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS

A

Microglia:

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28
Q

produce myelin sheath in CNS

A

• Oligodendrocytes:

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29
Q

Many dendrites and one axon
Most motor neurons and most CNS neurons

A

Multipolar

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30
Q

One dendrite and one axon
Found in special sense organs, such as eye and nose

A

Bipolar

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31
Q

Appears to have a single axon
Most sensory neurons

A

Pseudo-unipolar

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32
Q

Highly branched

Provide structural support; regulate neuronal signaling; contribute to blood-brain barrier; help with neural tissue repair

A

Astrocytes

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33
Q

Epithelial-like

Line ventricles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord, circulate
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); some form choroid plexuses, which produce CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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34
Q

Small, mobile cells

Protect CNS from infection; become phagocytic in response to inflammation

A

Microglia

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35
Q

Cells with processes that can surround several axons;

Cell processes form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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36
Q

Single cells surrounding axons

Form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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37
Q

collection of dendrites and cell bodies

A

Gray matter:

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38
Q

collection of axons and their myelin sheath

A

• White matter:

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39
Q

Organization of Nervous Tissue

A

Gray matter:

White matter:

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40
Q

Produce myelin sheath - CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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41
Q

Collection of axons - CNS

A

Nerve tracts

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42
Q

Collection of cell bodies - CNS

A

Nuclei

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43
Q

Produce myelin sheath - PNS

A

Schwann cells

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44
Q

Collection of axons - PNS

A

Nerves

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45
Q

Collection of cell bodies - PNS

A

Ganglion

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46
Q

• Outside of cell is more + (Nat)
• Inside of cell is more - (K+)

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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47
Q
  • always open
  • K+ channels
A

• Leak ion channels:

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48
Q
  • closed until opened by specific signal
  • Na +channels
A

Gated ion channels:

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49
Q

In a —, there is a higher concentration of K* (purple circles) inside the cell membrane and a higher concentration of Na* (pink circles) outside the cell membrane. Because the membrane is not permeable to negatively charged proteins (green) they are isolated to inside of the cell membrane.

A

resting cell

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50
Q

The —— helps maintain the differential levels of Na+ and K+ by pumping three Na+ out of the cell in exchange for two K* into the cell. The pump is driven by ATP hydrolysis.

A

sodium-potassium pump

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51
Q

The —- is established when the movement of K+ out of the cell is equal to the movement of K+ into the cell.

A

resting membrane potential

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52
Q

• “Electricity” that cause depolarization and repolarization
• Change resting membrane potential by activating gated ion channels

A

Action Potentials

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53
Q

If enough Na + enters then —- is reached more Na + channels open

A

threshold

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54
Q

• Once threshold is reached — applies

A

all or none law

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55
Q

continue until Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, and repolarization occurs

A

Action potentials

56
Q

where an axon attaches to a muscle, gland, organ, or other neuron
- involved with release of neurotransmitters
- Ex. Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse

57
Q

CNS synapses, ANS synapses, and neuromuscular junctions

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

58
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

59
Q

Alzheimer disease (a type of senile dementia) is associated with a decrease in acetylcholine-secreting neurons. Myasthenia gravis (weakness of skeletal muscles) results from a reduction in acetylcholine receptors.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

60
Q

increase the release and block the reuptake of norepinephrine, resulting in overstimulation of postsynaptic neurons.

A

Cocaine and amphetamines

61
Q

(a type of senile dementia) is associated with a decrease in acetylcholine-secreting neurons.

(weakness of skeletal muscles) results from a reduction in acetylcholine receptors.

A

Alzheimer disease

Myasthenia gravis

62
Q

Selected CNS synapses and some ANS synapses

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

63
Q

Excitatory

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

64
Q

Cocaine and amphetamines increase the release and block the reuptake of norepinephrine, resulting in overstimulation of postsynaptic neurons.

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

65
Q

It is involved with mood, anxiety, and sleep induction. Levels of serotonin are elevated in schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawal).

Drugs that block serotonin transporters, such as prozac, are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

A

Serotonin

66
Q

Generally inhibitory

A

Serotonin

67
Q

CNS synapses

A

Serotonin

68
Q

Levels of serotonin are elevated in (delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawal).

Drugs that block serotonin transporters, such as, are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

A

schizophrenia

prozac

69
Q

Parkinson disease (depression of voluntary motor control) results from destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons.

A

Dopamine

70
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory

A

Dopamine

71
Q

Selected CNS synapses and some ANS synapses

A

Dopamine

72
Q

(depression of voluntary motor control) results from destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons.

A

Parkinson disease

73
Q

Drugs that increase GABA function have been used to treat epilepsy (excessive discharge of neurons).

A

Gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)

74
Q

Inhibitory

A

Gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)

75
Q

CNS synapses

A

Gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)

76
Q

Drugs that increase GABA function have been used to treat — (excessive discharge of neurons).

A

epilepsy

77
Q

Glycine receptors are inhibited by the
poison strychnine. Strychnine increases the excitability of certain neurons by blocking their inhibition. Strychnine poisoning results in powerful muscle contractions and convulsions. Tetanus of respiratory muscles can cause death.

A

Glycine

78
Q

Inhibitory

A

Glycine

79
Q

CNS synapses

A

Glycine

80
Q

Increases the excitability of certain neurons by blocking their inhibition.

results in powerful muscle contractions and convulsions.

of respiratory muscles can cause death.

A

Strychnine

Strychnine poisoning

Tetanus

81
Q

The opiates morphine and heroin bind to endorphin receptors on presynaptic neurons and reduce pain by blocking the release of a neurotransmitter.

A

Endorphins

82
Q

Inhibitory

A

Endorphins

83
Q

Descending
pain pathways

A

Endorphins

84
Q

The opiates — bind to endorphin receptors on presynaptic neurons and reduce pain by blocking the release of a neurotransmitter.

A

morphine and heroin

85
Q

involuntary response to a stimulus

A

Reflexes

86
Q

path reflex travels

A

• Reflex arc:

87
Q

Components of Reflex Arc

A
  1. Sensory receptors:
  2. Sensory (afferent) neurons:
  3. Interneurons (Association) neuron:
  4. Efferent (motor) neurons:
  5. Effector:
88
Q
  • pick up stimulus
  • in skin
A

Sensory receptors:

89
Q

send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons:

90
Q
  • located in CNS and connect to motor neurons
A

Interneurons (Association) neuron:

91
Q

send response to effector

A

Efferent (motor) neurons:

92
Q

muscle, gland, or organ

A
  1. Effector:
93
Q

Neuronal Pathways Types

A

• Converging:

• Diverging:

94
Q

two or more neurons synapse same neuron
- allows info. to be transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway

A

Converging:

95
Q
  • axon from one neyron divides and synapses with more than one neuron
  • allows info. to be transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge into 2 or more pathways
A

Diverging:

96
Q

Consists of brain and spinal cord

Brain in brain case:
Spinal cord in vertebral column:

A

Central Nervous System

97
Q

• Extends from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar vertebra

• Protected by vertebral column

Spinal nerves allow movement

• If damaged paralysis
can occur

A

Spinal Cord

98
Q

• Contains 3 columns dorsal, ventral, lateral columns

• Ascending tracts:
axons that conduct action potentials toward brain

• Descending tracts:
axons that conduct action potentials away from brain

A

White Matter in Spinal Cord

99
Q

axons that conduct action potentials toward brain

A

• Ascending tracts:

100
Q

axons that conduct action potentials away from brain

A

• Descending tracts:

101
Q

3 columns White Matter in Spinal Cord

A

dorsal, ventral, lateral columns

102
Q

• Spinal cords Extends from — to

A

foramen magnum , 2nd lumbar vertebra

103
Q

• Posterior horns:
contain axons which synapse with interneurons
• Anterior horns:
contain somatic neurons
• Lateral horns:
contain autonomic neurons
• Central canal:
fluid filled space in center of cord

A

Gray Matter in Spinal Cord

104
Q

contain axons which synapse with interneurons

A

• Posterior horns:

105
Q

contain somatic neurons

A

• Anterior horns:

106
Q

contain autonomic neurons

A

• Lateral horns:

107
Q

fluid filled space in center of cord

A

• Central canal:

108
Q

• Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots

• Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons

• Located between vertebra

• Categorized by region of vertebral column from which it emerges (C for cervical)

31 pairs

• Organized in 3 plexuses

A

Spinal Nerves

109
Q

• Spinal nerves C1-4

• Innervates muscles attached to hyoid bone and neck

• Contains phrenic nerve which innervates diaphragm

A

Cervical Plexus

110
Q

• Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1

Supply nerves to upper limb, shoulder, hand

A

Brachial Plexus

111
Q

• Originates from spinal nerves L1 to S4

• Supply nerves lower limbs

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

112
Q

• Fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

113
Q

• It is the buildup of fluid in cavities called ventricles deep within the brain.

The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain.

• Cerebrospinal fluid usually flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column.

A

Hydrocephalus

114
Q

is in constant circulation within the ventricles of the brain and serves many crucial functions:

• 1) it acts as a “shock absorber” for the brain and spinal cord;
• 2) it acts as a vehicle for delivering nutrients to the brain and removing waste from it; and
• 3) it flows between the cranium and spine to regulate changes in pressure.

A

CSF

115
Q

• The causes of - (excess fluid in the brain) are poorly understood.

A

Hydrocephalus

116
Q

• The hydrocephalus present at birth (—) may be the result of a brain defect restricting the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

congenital hydrocephalus

117
Q

•• Hydrocephalus that develops in adults and children (—-)
is often caused by an illness or injury that affects the brain.

A

acquired hydrocephalus

118
Q

Hydrocephalus that develops in older people (—-) may also be the result of an infection, illness or injury, but in many cases it’s not clear what causes the condition.

A

normal pressure hydrocephalus

119
Q

brain has three basic sections:

A

Forebrain

Midbrain

-Hindbrain

120
Q

: The biggest part of the brain.

A

Forebrain

121
Q

Major Parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, and septum), and the cerebrum

A

Forebrain

122
Q

: the most primitive and basic of the brain regions, deals with basic bodily coordination and fine motor skills.

A

Hindbrain

123
Q

Major Parts: medulla, cerebellum, pons

A

Hindbrain

124
Q

Components:
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Midbrain

A

Brain stem

125
Q

Brain stem • Components:

A
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
126
Q
  • Location:
    scattered throughout brainstem
  • Function:
    regulates cyclical motor function, respiration, walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining consciousness, regulates sleep-wake cycle
A

Reticular Formation

127
Q

Diencephalon Components

A

Thalamus

• Epithalamus:

128
Q
  • Characteristics:
    largest portion of diencephalon
  • Function:
    influences moods and detects pain
A

Thalamus

129
Q

Location:
above thalamus

  • Function:
    emotional and visceral response to odors
A

Epithalamus:

130
Q

:
area folds on cerebral cortex that increase surface

A

Gyri

131
Q

shallow indentations

A

• Sulci:

132
Q

deep indentations

A

• Fissure:

133
Q

Long Term Memory Types

A

DECLARATIVE
(Explicit)

PROCEDURAL
(Implicit)

134
Q

Facts. Skills.
Knowledge. Concepts
“Text book” learning.
Not tied to time or place

A

SEMANTIC

135
Q

Autobiographical
A record of your
experiences and events
Time and place related

A

EPISODIC

136
Q

Actions, Skills, How To Do.

A

PROCEDURAL
(Implicit)

137
Q

DECLARATIVE
(Explicit) Two types

A

Semantic
Episodic

Anaphy Lec (8 decks)

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