Integumentary System Flashcards
is an organ system consist of skin and its accessory parts namely hair, nails, and exocrine glands.
Integumentary System
FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
S e n s a t i o n
H e a t r e g u l a t i o n
A b s o r p t i o n
P r o t e c t i o n
E x c r e t i o n
S t o r a g e of fats
The skin is consists of three layers, the
is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish.
Epidermis and Dermis
Hypodermis
Cells of the epidermis
- for keratin
- for melanin
- for fighting pathogens
- for sensory
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans’ cells
Merkel’s cells
outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone
Epidermis
beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands
dermis
Contains 2 layer, somewhat flexible to withstand trauma
Seen in fingerprint
Dermis
2 layers of dermis
It is made up of a thin upper layer,
and thick lower layer called the
papillary dermis
reticular dermis
deeper subcutaneous tissue is made of fat and connective tissue. It is well-vascularized,
with loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, for fat storage and provides insulation and act as cushioning for the integument.
Hypodermis
Fat tissues
Adipose tissues
Layers of Epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Also known as stratum germinativum; it is the deepest layer of
epidermis
Regeneration of cells through mitosis, *made up of dead cells
Stratum basale
spiny layer of the epidermis.
Stratum spinosum
composed of layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis. Likewise it has a lamellar granules that release lip-rich secretion for water- repellent sealant to a skin.
For protection
Stratum granulosum
Clear, clear in microscope
Lucid
thickened skin of the palms and soles, composed of 4-6 layers of flat dead cells.
Stratum lucidum
outermost layer of the epidermis, which is formed by the
accumulations of dead cells (keratinocyte) in the outermost epidermis,
that are eventually shed. The rate of cell division increases where the
skin is rubbed or where pressure is applied to the skin regularly,
causing growth of thickened area called calluses on the palms and
soles, and keratinized conical masses on the toes called corns.
Stratum corneum
growth of thickened area called ____ on the palms and
soles, and keratinized conical masses on the toes called ____.
calluses
corns
Layer of epidermis that is subject to trauma and friction
Stratum corneum
dermis is the part of skin also known as.
corium
This layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue. , Its
superficial layer projects into the stratum basale of the epidermis
to form finger-like dermal papillae.
Papillary layer
much thicker layer of dermis consists of dense,
irregular connective tissue.
Reticular layer
This layer is well vascularized and has
a rich sensory and sympathetic nerve supply.
appears reticulated (net-like) due to a tight meshwork of fibers.
Reticular layer
It refers to a bluish cast to the skin and mucous
membranes.
cyanosis
is when there is a bluish
discoloration to your hands
or feet. It’s usually caused
by low oxygen levels in the
red blood cells or problems
getting oxygenated blood to
your body
Peripheral cyanosis
the skin and whites of the eyes
look yellow.
Jaundice
Jaundice occurs when there is
too much _____ (a yellow pigment) in the
blood, a condition called ______.
bilirubin
hyperbilirubinemia
came from the Greek
erythros, meaning red.
Erythema
It is redness of the skin or
mucous membranes,
caused by _______
(increased blood flow) in
superficial capillaries. It
occurs with any skin injury,
infection, or inflammation.
Erythema
hyperemia
Greek, meaning red
erythros
Common in pneumonia (oxygen level in color of nails)
Cyanosis
Found in disorder of liver - cirrhosis , hepatitis , stones in gallbladder
Jaundice
is a damage to body’s tissues caused by heat, chemicals,
electricity, sunlight, or radiation.
burn
Level of burns
First-degree burns
Second-degree burns
Third-degree burns
also known as “superficial burn” characterized by redness, minor swelling, pain and non-blistered skin.
First-degree burns:
more serious because the damage extends beyond the top layer of skin. with blisters and some
thickening of the skin.
Second-degree burns:
widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance
Third-degree burns:
It is a genetic disorder that affects
(completely or partially) the color of skin, hair, and eyes due to the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin.
Anak araw
Albinism
Also called pressure ulcers and
decubitus ulcers. Its refer to injuries
to skin and underlying tissue resulting
from prolonged pressure on the skin.
Problem for paralyzed people
Bed Sores
Also known as acne vulgaris, which
occurs when hair follicles are clogged
with dead skin cells and oil from the skin.
It is characterized by blackheads or
whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and
possible scarring
Acne
Other name for acne
Acne vulgaris
- bacteria in acne
Propionibacterium acnes
is a very contagious disease caused by the
varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It
causes a blister-like rash, itching,
tiredness, and fever.
(Varicella) Chickenpox
Virus in chicken pox
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
It is an acute infection
characterized by painful
inflammation of an
individual nerve and skin
surface that is supplied by
the nerve.
Shingles
It is caused by the
varicella-zoster virus, the
same virus that causes
chickenpox.
Shingles
A common and highly
contagious skin infection
usually affecting infants and
children.
Impetigo
• It usually appears as red
sores on the face, especially
around a child’s nose and
mouth, and on hands and
feet.
• The sores burst and develop
honey-colored crusts.
Impetigo
This is also known as rubella, which is a viral
infection that causes a red rash on the body,
fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
German Measles
It can be spread from person to person through
contact with droplets from an infected person’s
sneeze or cough.
German Measles
Other name for german measles
Rubella
It is a skin condition characterized by the extra skin cells that form
scales and red patches which are itchy and sometimes painful.
• This results from the rapid build up of skin due to speeds up life
cycle of skin cells.
Psoriasis
• Common signs and symptoms are:
• red patches of skin covered with thick, silvery scales;
• small scaling spots (commonly seen in children); dry,
• cracked skin that may bleed;
• itching, burning or soreness thickened, pitted or ridged nails; and
• swollen and stiff joints
Psoriasis
is a surgical procedure due to burns,
injury, or illness. It involves removing skin from one
area of the body and moving it, or transplanting it, to
a different area of the body.
Skin grafting
Two types of skin grafting
Split/partial thickness graft
Ful-thickness graft
It involves removing the top layer of the skin the epidermis
and middle layer of the dermis from the donor site and
transplanted to the damaged area.
Split/partial thickness graft
It involves removing all of the epidermis and dermis from
the donor site, and are usually taken from the abdomen,
groin, forearm, or area above the clavicle (collarbone).
Full-thickness graft
It refers to any damage or break in soft tissues of the body. It can be classified by several methods.
Wounds
Based on Soft Tissues Injury
Open wounds
Close wounds
A type of soft tissue injuries
that involve an external or
internal break in body tissue,
Open Wounds
A type of soft tissue injuries where
the skin’s surface is not broken; It
can be internal or external. Ex:
bruise.
Close Wounds
Classification of Open wounds according to the object that caused it:
Abrasion
Laceration
Avulsion
Incision
Puncture
Amputation
A superficial wounds in which the
uppermost layer of the skin is
scraped off
Abrasion
It is an irregular tear-like wounds
caused by some blunt trauma.
Laceration
It is an injury in which a body part is
torn off due to either trauma or
surgery.
Avulsion
A wound caused by a clean, sharp-
edged object such as a knife, a razor
or a glass splinter.
Incision
It is caused by an object
puncturing the skin such as a nail
or needle.
Puncture
It refer to the removal of a limb
due to trauma, medical illness, or
surgery.
Amputation
Classification of Closed Wound
Contusions
Seroma
Hematoma
Crush injuries
It is a blunt trauma causing
pressure damage to the skin
and / or underlying tissues
(includes bruises
Blisters: fluid filled pockets
under the skin
Contusions
It is a blood filled area that
develops under the skin or body
tissue (occur due to internal
blood vessel damage to an
artery or vein)
Hematoma
It is a fluid filled area that
develops under the skin or
body tissue (commonly
occur after blunt trauma or
surgery)
Seroma
It is a type of closed wound
that can be caused by
extreme forces, or lesser
forces over a long period of
time.
Crush injuries
It is a complex process in which the skin, and the tissues under it, repair themselves after injury. The four phases are: Hemostasis (blood clotting); Inflammation (localized swelling,controls bleeding and prevents infection) ; Proliferation (tissue growth); and Maturation (tissue remodeling)
WOUND HEALING
The four phases of wound healing are:
(blood clotting);
(localized swelling,controls bleeding and prevents infection) ;
(tissue growth); and
(tissue remodeling)
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation
develop in the fetus as epidermal down growths that invade
the underlying dermis.
Hairs
The hair is important for the following reasons:
Protection
Regulation of body temperature
Act as sense organs
Facilitation of evaporation of perspiration
Hairs located in eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign particles, as does hair in the nostrils & in the external ear canal.
Protection
Hair on the head guards the scalp from injury& sun’s rays.
It also decreases heat loss from the scalp.
Regulation of body temperature
Touch receptors associated with hair follicles (hair root plexuses) are activated whenever a hair is even slightly moved. Thus, hair function in sensing light touch
Act as sense organs
Types of Human Hair
Lanugo hair
Vellus hair
Terminal hair
It refer to fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last three months of development
Lanugo hair
It refer to fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth, and makes up two thirds of the hair on women and one-tenth of the hair on men; makes up all of the hair on the body of children except for eyelashes, eyebrows, and scalp
Vellus hair
It is the longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented hair located in eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair on scalp and forms the axillary and pubic hair after puberty
Terminal hair
This is an autoimmune disease with non-scarring hair loss in single or multiple areas of the scalp,
face or body. It has two kinds: the alopecia totalis which is a complete loss of hair on the scalp and
alopecia universalis, which is the loss of hair in the entire body .
Alopecia areata
two kinds of alopecia areata: the _____ which is a complete loss of hair on the scalp and
_____, which is the loss of hair in the entire body .
alopecia totalis
alopecia universalis
A condition characterized by excessive body hair in men and women on parts of the body where
hair is normally absent or minimal, such as on the chin, chest, face or body.
Hirsutism
A horny covering protecting the upper surface of the tip of the finger and toe in humans and
other primates
NAILS
It refer to depressions that
run across fingernail which
can be a sign of
malnourishment and other
conditions
Beau’s lines
Thickening and curving of nail
around fingertips, which can be
the result of low oxygen in the
blood and is associated with
cardiovascular diseases,
inflammatory bowel disease,
liver disease and others.
Clubbing
A condition where fingernails
have raised ridges and scoop
outward, like spoons. It can be a
sign of iron deficiency anemia,
heart disease and other medical
condition
Koilonychia/spooning
It refer to lines on the nail usually
the result of a minor trauma and
are harmless in healthy
individuals. Sometimes it is
associated with poor health or
nutritional deficiencies.
Leukonychia/white spots
These are sensory receptors in the dermis include the Meissner’s corpuscle (detect light motion against the skin), the Pacinian corpuscle (detect deep pressure, high frequency vibration); the Ruffini corpuscle (detect deep pressure, stretch); the hair root plexus (detect movements of hair); and a number of free nerve ending types. Free nerve endings are thought to be integrated with a variety of sensations including pain,
heat, cold, and touch
Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
detect light motion against the skin
Meissner’s corpuscle
Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
(detect deep pressure, high frequency vibration
Pacinian corpuscle
Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
detect deep pressure, stretch
Ruffini corpuscle
Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
detect movements of hair
hair root plexus
Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
are thought to be integrated with a variety of sensations including pain,
heat, cold, and touch.
Free nerve endings
It is a microscopic exocrine glands
that secrete an oily or waxy matter,
called sebum, consist of lipids and
some proteins.
Sebaceous Glands
• It function to lubricate and waterproof
the skin and hair of mammals.
Sebaceous Glands
oily or waxy matter
Sebum
are specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) located subcutaneously
in the external auditory canal, in the outer 1/3.
• are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an
inner secretory layer of cells and an outer
myoepithelial layer of cells. They are classed
as apocrine glands.
Ceruminous glands
Ceruminous glands are classed as
apocrine glands.
(sweat glands)
sudoriferous glands
A type of exocrine glands which are enlarged
and modified sweat glands and are the
characteristic of mammals.
• It is potentially functional in women during
childbearing years under the stimulation of
ovarian and pituitary hormones.
Mammary Gland
• is known as secretion of mammary
glands.
Lactation
Sudoriferous/Sweat Glands
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands
• It is distributed all over the body and numerous in the palm of
the hands, soles of the feet, and the forehead.
• It discharge the secretions directly to the surface of the skin and
function to regulate the temperature of the body by cooling it
from the outside heat. It also helps in elimination of excess salt
and other electrolytes in the body.
Eccrine Sweat Glands
• These glands are found in the armpits and larger in size than
eccrine sweat glands.
• It start function only after a person has attained puberty.
• It produce a secretion which is viscous and cloudy in nature and
end in the canals of hair follicles instead of pores.
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Glands
Sebaceous Glands
Ceruminous Glands
Mammary Gland
Sudoriferous/Sweat Glands
, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with
dead skin cells and oil from the skin. It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and
possible scarring.
Acne
also known as tinea pedis, is a fungal infection that usually begins between the
toes. It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within
tightfitting shoes.
Signs and symptoms include a scaly rash that usually causes
itching, stinging and burning.
Athlete’s foot
Athlete’s foot other name
Tinea pedis
is a localized skin infection that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland. It is characterized by
reddening of skin in the area of infection, tender lump and presence of pus. Also known as
furuncle.
Boil
, are thick, hardened layers of skin that develop in the skin tries to
protect itself against friction and pressure.
Callus and corns
is also known as a pressure ulcer, pressure sore, or bedsore. It’s an open
wound on the skin from continual pressure on a localized portion of it.
Decubitus ulcer
Names for bed sore
Decubitus ulcer
pressure ulcer,
pressure sore,
, is a small growth with a rough texture that can appear anywhere on the body. It is
caused by viruses in the human papillomavirus (HPV) family.
Wart
Virus in wart
viruses in the human papillomavirus (HPV) family.
Affects only the outer layer of the skin (epidermis).
- It may cause redness and pain.
1st-degree burn
vary depending on how deep the skin damage is. It can take a day or two for the signs and symptoms of a severe burn to develop.
Burn symptoms
Affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin (dermis).
- It may cause swelling and red, white or splotchy skin.
2nd-degree burn
- Blisters may develop, and pain can be severe.
- Deep can cause scarring.
- They may be caused by very hot water, open flames, hot objects, sun, chemicals, or electricity.
second-degree burns
Reaches to the fat layer beneath the skin.
- Burned areas may be black, brown or white.
- The skin may look leathery.
- Can destroy nerves, causing numbness.
3rd-degree burn
Signs that may indicate melanoma
Characteristics:
Asymmetrical shape.
Changes in color.
Changes in size.
Changes in symptoms.
Unusual border.
Look for moles with unusual shapes, such as two very different-looking halves.
Asymmetrical shape.
Look for growths that have many colors or unusual color patterns.
Changes in color.
Look for new growth in a mole larger than 1/4 inch (about 6 millimeters).
Changes in size.
Look for changes in symptoms, such as new itchiness or bleeding.
Changes in symptoms.
Look for moles with unusual, notched or scalloped borders.
Moles that become cancers can all look very different. Some may show all of the changes listed above, while others may have only one or two unusual characteristics.
Unusual border.
is activated to fight infectious agents in the wound and to help the repair process.
An inflammatory response
• the substitution of viable cells for dead cells.
• can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis.
Tissue Repair
Tissue Repair can occur by
regeneration or by fibrosis/replacement.
the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored.
regeneration
a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function.
fibrosis, or replacement
• The _ and the _ determine the type of tissue repair that dominates.
tissues involved, severity of the wound
SLOWLY-ADAPTING
SMALL RECEPTIVE FIELDS
MERKEL’S DISCS
RAPIDLY-ADAPTING
SMALL RECEPTIVE FIELDS
MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLE
RAPIDLY-ADAPTING
LARGE RECEPTIVE FIELDS
PACINIAN CORPUSCLE
SLOWLY-ADAPTING
LARGE RECEPTIVE FIELDS
RUFFINI’S ENDING
• usually on toes and non-weight bearing areas of the feet
• usually very painful when pressed
It is caused by pressure & friction
CORN
smaller, round, well defined
Corn
• usually on weight bearing areas such as soles of the feet (ball of feet, heels). can also form on elbows, hands, ankles due to high pressure to that area
It is caused by pressure & friction
CALLUS
larger and more diffused
and they vary in size
Callus
• can be anywhere on the feet or other parts of the body
• Specific only for _ and not for corns or calluses is that they have small capillaries growing thru them and that is why many times when they are shaved you can see pinpoint bleeding
• It is caused by a virus
WART
round or diffuse
Wart
Other name for stratum basale
Stratum germinativum
are long, narrow
streaks, stripes, or lines that
develop on the skin. They occur
when the skin is suddenly
stretched and are extremely
common
Pregnancy and chubbiness
Stretch marks
A skin condition in which melanocytes
in certain areas lose the ability to
produce melanin, possibly due to an
autoimmune reaction that leads to loss
of color in patches
Vitiligo
It is also known as
malignant melanoma, is a type of
cancer that develops from the pigment-
containing cells known as
melanocytes.
melanoma
melanoma also known as
Malignant melanoma
Boil is also known as
Furuncle
