Module 1 Pt 1 Flashcards
Is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
Anatomy
the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
Physiology
is the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury
Patho-physiology
Level of Organization of Human Body
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the
cells and transports wastes, carbon dioxide, and other substances away from the cells; it can also help stabilize body temperature and pH
Cardiovascular
Defends against infection and disease and transfers lymph between tissues and the blood stream
Lymphatic
Processes foods and absorbs nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
Digestive
Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, exocrine pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
Digestive
Lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels
Lymphatic
Heart blood blood vessels
Cardiovascular
Provides communication within the body via hormones and directs long-term change in other organ systems to maintain homeostasis
Endocrine
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, endocrine pancreas, adrenals, testes, and ovaries.
Endocrine
Provides protection from injury and fluid loss and provides
physical defense against infection by microorganisms;
involved in temperature control
Integumentary
Skin, hair, and nails
Integumentary
Provides movement, support, and heat production
Muscular
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
Muscular
Collects, transfers, and processes information and directs short-term change in other organ systems
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs—eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose
Nervous
Produces gametes—sex cells—and sex hormones; ultimately produces offspring
Reproductive
Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, ovaries, mammary glands (female), testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis (male)
Reproductive
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur
Respiratory
Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm
Respiratory
Supports and protects soft tissues of the body; provides movement at joints; produces blood cells; and stores minerals
Skeletal
Bones, cartilage, joints, tendons, and ligaments
Skeletal
Removes excess water, salts, and waste products from the blood and body and controls pH
Urinary
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Urinary
Defends against microbial pathogens—disease-causing agents—and other diseases
Immune
Leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
Immune
Structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero.
Embryology
Structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the adult form.
Developmental biology
Microscopic structure of tissues.
Histology
Anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and palpation.
Surface anatomy
hist- =
tissue)
embry- =; -logy =
embryo
study of)
Structures that can be examined without using a microscope.
Gross anatomy
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
Systemic anatomy
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
Regional anatomy
Body structures that can be visualized with x rays.
Radiographic anatomy
radio- =; -graphic =)
ray
to write
Structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
Pathological anatomy
path- =)
disease
Functional properties of nerve cells.
Neurophysiology
neuro- =)
nerve
Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
Endocrinology
endo- =; -crin =)
within
secretion
Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular physiology
cardi- =; - vascular =）
heart
blood vessels
How the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.
Immunology
immun- =)
not susceptible
Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
Respiratory physiology
respira-—
to breathe)
Functions of the kidneys.
Renal physiology
ren- =)
kidney
Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.
Exercise physiology
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
Pathophysiology
CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE
ALIVE
- GROWTH and development
RESPOND to the environment
CELLULAR structure & composition
METABOLISM energy from chemical reactions
HOMEOSTASIS stable inner conditions
HEREDITY of traits
REPRODUCE offspring
A characteristic of all living systems is homeostasis, or the maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits.
Homeostasis
Homeostatic control
Negative feedback loop
Body temp regulation
Negative feedback loop
Stimulus
Sensor
Control
Effector
Body temperature regulation
Body temperature exceeds 37°C
Nerve cells in skin and brain
Temperature regulatory center in brain
Sweat glands throughout body
is a type of regulation in biological systems in which the end product of a process in turn reduces the stimulus of that same process.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
A feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
is a form of opposite of the Endomorph.
Ectomorph
Physically, they tend to have:
Narrow shoulders and hips.
A thin and narrow face, with a high forehead. A thin and narrow chest and abdomen.
Very little body fat.
Thin legs and arms.
Ectomorph
is somewhere between the round endomorph and the thin ectomorph. Physically, they have the more ‘desirable’ body, and have:
mesomorph
Large head, broad shoulders, and narrow waist (wedge-shaped). Muscular body, with strong forearms and thighs
Very little body fat
Genetically gifted; greatest bodybuilding potential.
Long torso, full chest, good shoulder to waist ratio
mesomorph
is physically quite ‘round’, and is typified as the ‘barrel of fun’ person.
Endomorph
Wide hips and narrow shoulders, which makes them rather pear-shaped.
• Quite a lot of fat spread across the body, including upper arms and thighs.
• They have quite slim ankles and wrists, which only serves to accentuate the fatter other parts.
• Wide bone structure.
• Slower metabolism.
• Weight gain is easy, though fat loss is difficult.
• Tends to store fat, which hides muscle gains.
Endomorph
Environmental change that signals the body
(Stressor
Sensor that is sensitive to a stimulus
Receptor
Receives and process information
Control Center
Cell or organ that responds to the control center
Effector
Change in the body to maintain homeostasis
Response
Organ systems work together
To keep within the range around the set point
Body Systems are
They work together to maintain this stable internal environment
Interdependent
It is the state of steady internal chemical and physical conditions maintained by living systems.
homeostasis
The theory of homeostasis was first introduced by, a French Physiologist in the year.
Claude Bernard, 1865
The term was first used in by
1926, Walter Bradford Cannon
Bradford derived Homeostasis from the ancient Greek words “
hómoio” which means similar to
“stasis” meaning stand still
