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Anaphy Lec > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

(posterior part of thyroid)

A

Parathyroids

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2
Q

Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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3
Q

Anterior lobe:
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH

Posterior lobe:
Release of oxytocin and ADH

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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4
Q

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)

A

THYROID GLAND

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5
Q

(Undergoes atrophy during adulthood)

Thymosins
(Chapter 22)

A

THYMUS

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6
Q

Each is subdivided into:

Adrenal medulla:
Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)

Adrenal cortex:
Cortisol, corticosterone. aldosterone, androgens

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

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7
Q

Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Adrenal medulla:

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8
Q

Cortisol, corticosterone. aldosterone, androgens

A

Adrenal cortex:

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9
Q

(on posterior surface of thyroid gland)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

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10
Q

Renin Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
(Chapters 19 and 27)

A

KIDNEY

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11
Q

Numerous hormones (detailed in Chapter 24)

A

DIGESTIVE TRACT

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12
Q

Testes (male):
Androgens (especially testosterone), inhibin

Ovaries (female):
Estrogens, progestins.
inhibin

A

GONADS

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13
Q

Insulin, glucagon

A

PANCREATIC ISLETS

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14
Q

Leptin
Resistin

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

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15
Q

Natriuretic peptides:
ANP and BNP
(Chapter 21)

A

HEART

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16
Q

Melatonin

A

PINEAL GLAND

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17
Q

can be defined as the complicated network of nerves that carry messages or signals from and to the spinal cord and brain to other parts of the body.

A

NERVOUS

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18
Q

it is the collection of glands, which produces hormones that function in regulating the body’s growth and
development, metabolism, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, anger, emotions and other internal functions.

A

ENDOCRINE

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19
Q

creates the localized
response which is temporary and reversible

A

NERVOUS

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20
Q

the response is spread widely and is permanent.

• primarily work in sending signals to various parts of the body with the help of hormones and act as the chemical
messenger.

A

ENDOCRINE

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21
Q

the rate of response is fast and early to the stimuli by the action potentials and neurotransmitters

A

NERVOUS

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22
Q

it responds slowly by secreting hormones, travelling through the circulatory system to the target tissue

A

ENDOCRINE

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23
Q

the mode of transmission of the signal is through the neurotransmitters which along neurons transmit electrochemical signals

A

NERVOUS

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24
Q

the hormones provide the chemical signals and are used to transmit the signal to the target tissue located at any part of the body

A

ENDOCRINE

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25
Q

the mode of
transmission of the signal is through the neurotransmitters which along neurons transmit electrochemical signals

A

NERVOUS

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26
Q

the hormones provide the chemical signals and are used to transmit the signal to the target tissue located at any part of the body

A

ENDOCRINE

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27
Q

electrical
signals are sent by use of neurons

A

NERVOUS

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28
Q

the hormones are transferred
through the blood stream or other body fluid to send any messages or signals.

A

ENDOCRINE

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29
Q

Functions of Endocrine System

A

Controls homeostasis
2. Maintains water balance
3. Controls uterine contractions
4. Controls milk production
5. Regulates ions (calcium, sodium, potassium)
6. Regulates metabolism and growth
7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
8. Monitors blood glucose levels
9. Aids the immune system
10. Reproductive functions

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30
Q

Types of Chemical Signal

A

Intracellular:

Intercellular:

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31
Q

produce in one of part a cell and move to another part of same cell

A

Intracellular

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32
Q

released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell

A

• Intercellular:

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33
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

A

Autocrine:

Paracrine:

Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators

Pheromones:

Hormones and neurohormones:

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34
Q

:
- released by cells and a have local effect on same cell type
- Ex. Eicosanoids (released in response to
inflammation)

A

Autocrine

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35
Q

:
- released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity
- Ex. Somatostatin (inhibits insulin secretion)

A

Paracrine

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36
Q

(inhibits insulin secretion)

A

Somatostatin

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37
Q

(released in response to inflammation)

A

Eicosanoids

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38
Q
  • secreted by nerve cells
  • Ex. Nervous system function
A

Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators

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39
Q

:
- secreted into env’t and modify behavior and physiology of other individual in same species
- Ex. Women and menstrual cycles

A

Pheromones

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40
Q
  • secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites
  • Ex. Epinephrine and insulin
A

Hormones and neurohormones:

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41
Q

Secreted by cells in a local area; influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted

A

Autocrine

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42
Q

Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid; has a localized effect on other tissues

A

Paracrine

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43
Q

Produced by neurons; secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances; influences postsynaptic cells

A

Neurotransmitter

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44
Q

Secreted into the blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function

A

Endocrine

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45
Q

Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes)

A

Autocrine

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46
Q

Somatostatin, histamine, eicosanoids

A

Paracrine

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47
Q

Acetylcholine, epinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter

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48
Q

Thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, prostaglandins

A

Endocrine

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49
Q

Components of Hormones

A

Receptor site:

Target tissues:

Specificity:

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50
Q

location on a cell where hormone binds (lock)

A

Receptor site:

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51
Q

group of cells that respond to specific hormones

A

• Target tissues:

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52
Q

specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites

A

• Specificity:

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53
Q

How does this work?

A
  1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into bloodstream
  2. Hormones travel to all parts of body
  3. Hormones (key) bind to receptor site (lock) on target tissue
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54
Q
  1. Hormones are secreted by - directly into —
A

endocrine glands, bloodstream

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55
Q
  1. Hormones (key) bind to — on target tissue
A

receptor site (lock)

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56
Q
  1. Hormones travel to
A

all parts of body

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57
Q

How do hormones cause change?

A

• Alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing or decreasing cell’s normal processes
• Change permeability of cell membrane by opening or closing ion channels
Synthesis of proteins

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58
Q

Alter cell activity of target tissues by —

A

increasing or decreasing cell’s normal processes

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59
Q

• Change permeability of cell membrane by -

A

opening or closing ion channels

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60
Q

Types of Hormones

A

Water soluble:
Lipid hormones:

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61
Q
  • includes proteins, peptides, amino acids
  • most common
  • Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin, etc.
A

• Water soluble:

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62
Q
  • includes steroids and eicosanoids

Ex. LH, FSH, androgens

A

• Lipid hormones:

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63
Q

(glucagon, prolactin)
Membrane-bound receptor

A

Water-soluble hormone

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64
Q

(thyroid or steroid)

A

Lipid-soluble hormone

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65
Q

The endocrine system produces two main types of hormones:

A

1.steroid hormones
2.nonsteroid hormones

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66
Q

, such as cortisol, are manufactured from cholesterol.

A

Steroid hormones

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67
Q

• Each type of steroid hormone is composed of a central structure of - carbon rings attached to distinctive side chains that determine the hormone’s specific and unique properties.

A

four

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68
Q

• Within the endocrine cells, steroid hormones are synthesized in the

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

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69
Q

Since steroid hormones are —, they combine with a protein carrier that transports them through the bloodstream.

A

hydrophobic

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70
Q

• can pass through the membrane of a target cell.

A

Fat-soluble steroid hormones

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71
Q

Once inside the target cell, steroid hormones attach to a —-in the cytoplasm.
• This hormone- receptor complex then enters the nucleus, where it binds with and activates a specific gene on the cell’s DNA molecule.

• The activated gene then produces an — that initiates the desired chemical reaction within the cell.

A

protein receptor molecule

enzyme

72
Q

, such as adrenaline, are composed of either proteins, peptides, or amino acids.

A

Nonsteroid hormones

73
Q

• These hormone molecules are not fat-soluble, so they usually do not enter cells to exert their effect. Instead, they bind to receptors on the —
• This combination substance then triggers a specific chain of chemical reactions with the cell.

A

surface of target cells.

74
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the.

A

plasma membrane

75
Q

bind to cytoplasmic receptors and travel to the nucleus or bind to nuclear receptors.
Some bind receptors in the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus.

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

76
Q

The hormone-receptor complex binds to a hormone response element on the
DNA, acting as

A

transcription factor.

77
Q

The binding of the hormone-receptor complex to DNA stimulates the synthesis of —, which codes for specific proteins.

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

78
Q

The mRNA leaves the nucleus, passes into the cytoplasm of the cell, and binds to —, where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins.

A

ribosomes

79
Q

The - produce the cell’s response to the lipid-soluble hormones-for example, the secretion of a new protein.

A

newly synthesized proteins

80
Q

Ex. Blood glucose levels (insulin)

A

Blood levels of chemicals:

81
Q

• Other hormones:
Ex. —- signals thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

A

TSH

82
Q

Nervous system:
Ex. — and fight or flight response

A

Epinephrine

83
Q

tells body when homeostasis is reached

A

Negative Feedback:

84
Q

The —- secretes a tropic hormone, which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell.
The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target.

A

anterior pituitary gland

85
Q

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a —- effect on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and decreases secretion of the tropic hormone.

A

negative-feedback

86
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone, which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell.

The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target.

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a negative-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and decreases secretion of the tropic hormone.

A

Negative feedback by hormones

87
Q

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a — effect on the anterior pituitary and increases secretion of the tropic hormone.

A

positive-feedback

88
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone, which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell.

The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target.

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a positive-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and increases secretion of the tropic hormone.

A

Positive feedback by hormones

89
Q

Small gland in brain

• Controlled by hypothalamus

• Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior

• Secretes at least 6 hormones

A

Pituitary Gland

90
Q

• Divided into 2 regions of pituitary gland:

A

anterior and posterior

91
Q

Pituitary gland excretes at least — of hormones

A

Six

92
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

  • Target tissues: most
  • Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs
A

Growth Hormone:

93
Q

Abnormalities:
Too much GH causes -

Too little GH causes -

A

giantism

pituitary dwarfism

94
Q

—- within the nervous system cause releasing and inhibiting hormones (blue circles) to be secreted from nerve cells of the hypothalamus.

A

Stimuli

95
Q

secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones.

A

Hypothalamic nerve cells

96
Q

— leave capillaries, bind to membrane-bound receptors, and influence the secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary cells.

pass through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to the anterior pituitary.

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

97
Q

Target tissues: thyroid gland

  • Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions
  • Abnormalities:
    Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges
A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):

98
Q

Too much TSH -

A

thyroid gland enlarges

99
Q
  • Target tissue: ovaries
  • Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone
A

• LH (Luteinizing) for females:

100
Q
  • Target tissue: follicles in ovaries
  • Function: follicle maturation and estrogen
    secretion
A

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females:

101
Q

GONADOTROPINS

A

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females:
LH (Luteinizing) for females:

102
Q
  • Target tissues: kidneys
  • Functions: conserve water
  • Abnormalities:
    Diabetes insipidus:
A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):

103
Q
  • low ADH
  • kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery) urine
  • can lead to dehydration and thirst
A

Diabetes insipidus:

104
Q
  • Target tissues: uterus
  • Functions: increases uterine contractions during
    labor
A

Oxytocin

105
Q

In the posterior pituitary gland, - cause the release of hormones (red circles) from the axons into the circulatory system.

A

action potentials

106
Q

Stimuli within the nervous system stimulate — nerve cells to produce action potentials.

A

hypothalamic

107
Q

• One of largest glands
• Requires iodine to function

Thyroid hormones:
- Target tissues: most
Strerroid
- Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is

A

Thyroid Gland

108
Q

— Decreased metabolism
- Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue
- Low temp. and pulse
- Dry, cold skin
- Myxedema in adults
- Cretinism in infants

A

Hypothyroidism

109
Q

— Increased metabolism
- Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness
- Higher temp. and pulse
- Warm, flushed skin
- Graves’ disease (leads to goiter)

A

Hyperthyroidism:

110
Q

Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland

A

Hyperthyroidism:
Hypothyroidism

111
Q

causes increased release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) into the general circulation.

A

TSH

112
Q

also have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of TSH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary.

A

T3 and T4

113
Q
  • Target tissues: bones
  • Functions: secreted when blood Ca?+ levels
A

Calcitonin:

114
Q
  • Target tissues: bones and kidneys
  • Functions: regulates blood Ca?+ levels
    (more than calcitonin)
A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH):

115
Q

osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca 2+ is lost in urine.

A

Ca 2+ is low

116
Q

then osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca 2+ is lost in urine

A

If Ca2+ is high

117
Q

• On kidneys
• 2 regions medulla and cortex

A

Adrenal Glands

118
Q

Adrenal Medulla (inner portion):

  • Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells
A

• Epinephrine/Norepinephrine:

119
Q

stimulated by
• Stress
• Physical activity
• Low blood glucose levels

A

Hypothalamus

120
Q

Target tissue

• Increases release of glucose from the liver
• Increases release of fatty acids from fat stores
• Increases heart rate
• Decreases blood flow through blood vessels of internal organs and skin
• Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart
• Decreases function of visceral organs
• Increases blood pressure
• Increases metabolic rate in skeletal muscles

A

Adrenal gland

121
Q

Adrenal Cortex (outer portion):

  • Type of mineralocorticoids
  • Target tissues: kidneys
  • Functions: causes Nat and H2O to be retained and
    K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume
A

Aldosterone

122
Q

Adrenal glands
(outer portion):

A

Adrenal Cortex

123
Q

Adrenal gland
(inner portion):

A

Adrenal Medulla

124
Q

causes increased secretion of aldosterone, which primarily affects the kidneys.

A

Angiotensin II

125
Q

stimulation of the kidneys causes Na’ retention, K• excretion, and decreased water loss.

A

Aldosterone

126
Q

Increased blood K• levels or decreased blood Na’ levels cause the adrenal cortex to — the secretion of aldosterone into the general circulation.

A

increase

127
Q
  • Type of glucocorticoids
  • Target tissues: most
  • Functions: increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responses
A

Cortisol:

128
Q

acts on its target tissues to increase protein breakdown and blood glucose.

A

Cortisol

129
Q

acts on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to decrease ACTH secretion.

A

Cortisol

130
Q

Target tissue
• Increases fat and protein breakdown
• Increases blood glucose levels
• Has anti-inflammatory effects

A

ACTH-releasing hormone

131
Q
  • Target tissues: most
  • Functions:
    Males: secondary sexual characteristics
    Females: sex drive
A

Androgens:

132
Q
  • Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors
  • Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue
  • Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required)
  • Type II: insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated often found in obese people, can be treated with a diet that can be turned into type 1
A

Diabetes mellitus:

133
Q
  • (daily injections required)
  • often found in obese people, can be treated with a diet that can be turned into type 1
A

Type I: insulin dependent

Type II: insulin independent,

134
Q

The three P’s of diabetes are

• These terms correspond to
- increases in thirst,
— urination, and
- appetite,

A

polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia.

135
Q

increases in thirst,

A

polydipsia

136
Q

Increase in urination,

A

polyuria

137
Q

Increase in appetite,

A

polyphagia.

138
Q

Pineal Body (Gland)

•:
Target tissues: hypothalamus

Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and
controls circadian rhythms. Light

A

Melatonin

139
Q

• A hormonal imbalance causes women to have irregular periods, abnormal hair growth, excess acne and weight gain.

• It can lead to diabetes, increased risk of metabolic syndrome and infertility.

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

140
Q

When a woman’s ovaries don’t produce enough estrogen, bones become brittle and weak.

• Although it is more common in women, men sometimes have it when testosterone levels get too low.

• People with an overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism) may also have weak bones

A

Osteoporosis:

141
Q

overactive parathyroid gland ()

A

hyperparathyroidism

142
Q

Consists of the ductless glands.

• It coordinates with the nervous system.

• Involvement in the synthesis and secretion of hormones.

• Include energy production, utilization, and the control of the
composition of the extracellular water and electrolytes.

• Involve in maintaining normal growth and development.

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

143
Q

An organic substance that is needed by our body in enough
quantities to express a neurological response.

A

HORMONES

144
Q

• A small gland located at the base of the brain.

• Intimately associated with the pituitary gland.

• Secretes hormones that travel by the fertile system and
stimulate the anterior pituitary glands.

• Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones.

A

Hypothalamus

145
Q

A small gland located at the base of the brain, depression
of the skull.
• Connected to the brain with a short stalk called the
“infundibulum.”

A

Pituitary Gland

146
Q

Divided into two: Pituitary Gland

  • ACTH, TSH, GH, PPL, FSH, LH, and MSH
  • Release of oxytocin and ADH
A
  1. Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis):
  2. Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis):
147
Q
  • responsible for growth and development
A

Thyroxine (T4)

148
Q

(Undergoes atrophy during adulthood)
• Located between the upper part of the sternum and
pericardium

• Hormone: Thymosins - controls metabolic weight.
Involvement in the formation of WBC

A

Thymus

149
Q
  • controls metabolic weight. Involvement in the formation of WBC
A

Thymosins

150
Q

(Small muscles located above the kidney)

A

Adrenal Glands

151
Q

(Glucogenesis, sodium retention,
potassium excretion in the kidney)

A

Aldosterone

152
Q

▪ The gland that promotes the “fight or flight”
reaction

A

Adrenal Medulla:

153
Q

• Consists of both an exocrine (with ducts) and an endocrine
(ductless) gland.

(Endocrine part secrete the hormone insulin)

A

Pancreas/Pancreatic Islets

154
Q

• - lowers the blood sugar. Inadequate secretion leads to diabetes.

A

Insulin

155
Q

Located in the testes or ovary.

A

Gonads

156
Q

COMPONENTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• secrete their product directly into the bloodstream

• molecules that are released from one location, move to
another location and produce a response

A

Endocrine glands:

Chemical signal:

157
Q

2 TYPES OF PROTEIN

Ex. Keratin in hair and skin

Ex. Enzymes (Catalysts) and hormones

A
  1. Structural Protein
  2. Regulatory Protein
158
Q

HORMONE RECEPTORS AND MECHANISMS OF
ACTION

  1. Lipid Soluble Hormones bind to -
  2. Water Soluble Hormones bind to -
  3. Intracellular Receptor Hormones
A

Nuclear Receptors

Membrane-Bound Receptors

159
Q

Target tissue: testes
Function: sperm production and testosterone

A

LH for males:

160
Q

Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes
Function: sperm production

A

FSH for males:

161
Q

Target tissues: most
Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth

A

Thyroid hormones:

162
Q

Organ in the abdomen

A

PANCREAS

163
Q

Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
Functions:
▪ regulates blood glucose levels

after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is
secreted, extra glucose is stored in the form of
glycogen

A

Insulin:

164
Q

Target tissues: liver

Function:
▪ regulates blood glucose levels
▪ between meals glucose levels drop and
▪ glucagon is secreted
▪ glucagon allows glycogen to be broken into
glucose

A

Glucagon:

165
Q

: TESTES

o Target tissues: most
o Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ
development and function

A

Testosterone

166
Q

OVARIES

o Target tissues: most
o Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland
development and menstrual cycle

A

• Estrogen/Progesterone:

167
Q

THYMUS GLAND
•:
o Target tissues: immune system tissues
o Functions: promotes immune system
o Development and function

A

Thymosin

168
Q

▪ A disorder that affects the way the body uses the
energy from the food we eat.
▪ It develops when the pancreas doesn’t make
enough of a hormone called insulin, or insulin
doesn’t work as it should.

A

Diabetes

169
Q

happens when the thyroid doesn’t
produce enough hormones

▪ occurs when it creates too many
hormones

A

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

170
Q

▪ In men, can cause erectile
dysfunction.

▪ It can also cause memory and concentration
problems, changes in muscle strength, and low
sex drive.

▪ It happens when the testes do not produce enough
of the sex hormone, testosterone.

A

Hypogonadism (low testosterone)

171
Q

Ductless -
Ducts -

A

endocrine

exocrine

172
Q

. Excretes, responsible for Na and K secretion in kidney

A

Andrenal cortex

173
Q

Atleast. Three hormones
Secretes 6 hormones

A

Posterior lobe.

Anterior lobe.

174
Q

Located between the upper part of the sternum and
pericardium

A

Thymus

175
Q

. Fight emergency reactioins

A

Adrenal medulla

176
Q
  • male pattern baldness, irreversible
A

Strerroid

177
Q

Type of diabetes
- aging, starts at forty before
- Lifestyle

A

Type two diabetes

Anaphy Lec (8 decks)

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