Nervous System Flashcards
What is the CNS made of
Brain and spinal chord
What is the brain protected by
Membranes and The skull
What is the spinal cord protected by
Vertebrae
What is the anatomy of the skull
Frontal, Parietal (top), temporal (sides, occipital (back)
What is the foramen Magnum
The spinal chord hole
What are the lobes of the cerebrum the same as
lobes of the skull
What is the function of the frontal lobe
Thought, memory, mood
What does the insula do
Senses, consciousness
What is the occipital lobe
Eyes
What is the parietal lobe for
Taste, language, maths
What is the temporal lobe for
Hearing
What is the gyrus
Hills on the brain surface, correlate with functional areas
What are sulci of the brain
opposite of gyrus (valley) long and deep = fissure
What is the pre and post central gyrus
Important gyrii which border the frontal and parietal
Why is gyrii and solgi important
Increases surfce area to maximise intellect
What is the longitudinal cerebal feature
Split of the brain (left and right)
What is rostral and caudal
rostral = anterior for CNS and caudal = posterior for CNS
What is grey matter
Cell bodies
What is white matter
Myelinated axons
Where does the axons in the brain go to
Spinal chord
Why are the grey matter on the edge
More nutrients
What is the largest region of white matter
Corpus callosum which connects the right and left hemispheres
Why is the corpus callosum important
Because otherwise the halves of the brain wouldn’t know what the other half is doing
What controls the LHS of the body
Right hemisphere
What controls the RHS of the body
Left Hemisphere
What is the broca area
The speech region of the brain located rostrally
What is the wernicke area
The listening area of the brain located in the parietal lobe
What is in the occipital lobe of the brain
Visual cortex
What is the corticospiral tract
Two neurons which join the brain to the spine
What does rostral and caudal mean WITH THE CONTEXT OF SPINAL CHORD AND BRAINSTEM
To the bottom = cordal, to the top = to the brain
Why does the cerebellum have so many neurons
Surface area
What does nuclei mean in the context of neurons
Cell body
Why is the brainstem so important
Because it hosts all the automatic processes (heartrate, breathing, temp)
What is the midbrain responsible for
Circadian rhythm
What is the pons
Connects cerebellum to brain stem
What is the medella oblongata used for
Breathing, Connects brain to the spinal chord
What does the medella oblingata contain
Ascending fibres (sensory), descending fibres (motor)
What is the thallamus for
Receives sesory info except smell. It also is responsible for motor conteol
What is the hypothalumus
Command center of the autonomic nerbous system
What is the limbic system
Learning and memory center
What is the hippocampus important for
Forming memories - cognates experiences into memories
What are the meninges
The membraines
What are the layers of meninges
Dura mata, arachnoid mata, pia mater
What is the final sensory layer
Dura mater
DO meninges cover the spinal chord
Yes
What is the Ventricular system responsible for
Fluid filled spaces within the CNS. Filled with the Cerebrospinal fluid.
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid
Provide buoyancy and chemically stabilise the CNS
What absorbs the CerebroSpinalFluid
Arachnoid granulation
Where is the CSF produced
Ventricles of the Chloroid plexus
Where does csf go down
Central aquaduct
Where does csf flow out from the aquaduct
three apertures
Where does CSF end up
Subarachnoid space
Where does leftover CSF go out
Arachnoid granulation
How does blood go into the brain
The carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
How greedy is the brain
VERY
What is the blood brain barrier
Nutrients need to get through cells to get into the brain. No blood goes into the brain, rather surround it
What is the most important part of the brain (gets nutrients first)
Brainstem
What is the ectoderm
Outer layer of the embryo which forms the brain
What is the prosephelon
Front brain
What is the rhombocephalon
The cerebellum
What is the mesocephalon
Central brain
What is the brainstem parts
Dicenphalon, midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
What is ascending fibres
Sensory
What crossovers to cross motor neurons to the opposite side of the body
Medulla oblongat
What do olfactory nerves do
They are sensory and supply smell
What do optic nerves do
Sight nerves (sensory)
What is vestibulocochear do
Hearing nerves (sensory)
What is afferent
Info moving in of CNS
What is efferent
Info moving out of CNS
What is special
Info about the 5 senses
What in the brain receives info from the olfactory nerve
Olfactory bulb and tract
What is the primary vision center
Occipital lobe
What does the oculomotor nerve do
Opening eyelid, pupil constriction
What does the trochlear nerve do
It supplies the contralateral side of the body and angles the eye down
What soes the trigeminal do
Face touching and it is MIXED.
What does the abducens nerve do
moves eye away from the midsaggital plane
What does the facial nerve do
Supplies facial expression muscles and is mixed (also provides taste)
What is vestibular nerve
Balance
What is cochlear
Hearing
What is the glossophartneal nerve
Salivary nerve, both sensory and motor
What is the vagus nerve
Digestive system, heart and lung nerves. Both sensory and motor nerve
What is the accessory nerve
Not a cranial nerve and supplies back and neck muscles. Supplied from the spinal cord not the brain.
What is the hypoglossal nerve
Moves tongue, motor nerve
What is the order of cranial nerves
Olfactory, Optic, Occulomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducten, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
What is a pneumonic to remember this order
One old otter trembles terribly among fat very gross, very annoying hippopotamuses
What happens with synapses
The vesicles exocytose in the pre synaptic cell and then they endocytose in the post synaptic cell
What happens when Cl- enters the cell
Hyperpolarizes the cell
What happens when Ca2+ enters the cell
Depolarises the cell
What is a post synaptic potential
What happens when the signal endocytoses ito the post synaptic cell
What are the types of PSPs
EPSP and IPSP
What is the trigger zone for potential
-55mV
What type of neurotransmission is the most common
By the use of a chemical mediator
Where does direct electrical transmission used
Through the heart and stomach where ions pass through
What is a gap junction
Gates where they transfer from one cell to the next
How do they synapse chemically
Signal the postsynaptic neuron through chemicals
What are some enzymes that do shit
Glutamate decarboxylase, cholene acetyltransferase
Where do neurotransmitters go
They go into a vesicle, stop, have an action potential and exocytose
What is a SNARE
Which sticks the vesicle to the cell membrane, making it exocytosis
What happens when complexin is involved in SNARES
stops the exocytosis process and only partially connects Vsnares to Tsnares (vesicle snares to target snares)
What so we need to know about signals for function
transmitters and receptors
What are the two types of receptors
Ionotropic and Metabotropic - Ionotropic activates an ion channel and metabotropic activates an enzyme
Are there one receptor for one neurotransmitter
No
Do transmitters always do the same thing
No
What are the two CNS transmitters
Glutamate and GABA
What is GABA
The inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
What is glutamate
Waking up, seizures. Dominant excitatory transmitter
What is the acetylcycholine
Acetylcycoline has both ionic and muscarinic. It activates if ionic and usually deactivates if muscaranic
What are the two biggest PSN neurotransmitters
Acetyhlcholine and noradrenaline
What is noradrenaline
It sometimes excites and inhibits
How do you increase heart rate
Excites the cell
What happens when neurotransmitters uptake
They recycle eg. seratonin and dopamine
What happens when neurotransmitters degrade
They don’t recycle
What is a receptor in the nervous system
A cell and a protein attached to the muscle
What is a receptor cell
Something that senses something
What makes first order neurons special
Trigger zone moved in front of the cell body
How many neurons does it take to go to the brain
3, a receptor neuron, second order neuron and a third order neuron
What blocks most sensory information
each order neurons
What is the modality
type of stimulus (sense)
What is spacial info
Knowing where something is located
How do we tell intensity
through nerves
Can we tell quality of senses
YES
What do mechanical receptors do
Touch, limb posiion, hearing and balance
chemical
taste, smell
photic
vision
thermal
hot and cold
noxous
pain
Are sensory receptors generalised
no
What is intensity
how many or quickly the action potentials have generated
What happens when something is constantly stimulating
it will get rid of the info
What are the different type of adapting paces
Rapidly adapting, shuts down quickly, versus slowly adapting, shuts down over a long time
what is reserved for the fast pathways
hearing, vision, touch
Do all first order neurons have a respective second order neuron
no, because we want to shrink head size.
What is central convergence
Where senses from the peripheral nervous system converge when they reach the central nervous system
What is acuity
the inverse of the size of the receptive field
What is lateral inhibition
interconnecting of neurons so senses dont transfer
What does each sensory nerve fiber do
transmits only one modality at a specific location
What is somatosensation
Sensation from the skin muscle bones, tendons and joints
What does this include
tactile, temperature, propriocept and noxious
What are the two types of touch receptors
Lamellar, RA deep, Bulbous, SA deep, Meissners corpuscle RA shalloe, Merkels disk SA shallow
What are touch receptor channels
stretch gated ion channels
What are positional receptors
golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint capsule receptors
What do joint capsule receptors do
determine the muscle flexion
What is a cold receptor
TRPM8 myelin
What is a warm receptor
TRPV8 vanilla
What is the DCML have
fast receptor with spatial organisation, local touch, muscle position, joint position
What is the AL system
Slow receptors with less spatial organisation, with pain, heat cold, tickle, itch and sex
What is all the pain receptors
heat chemical, mechanical and polymodal
What is the difference between other receptor and pain receptors
pain receptors go to the pain part of the brain and voltage minimum is much higher
What is a polymodal pain receptor
Pain receptor that does everything
Where does blood leave the brain
Internal Jugular vein
Where does blood come into the brain
Internal carteroid arteries
What does the autonomic nervous system control
everything involuntary - eye movement/blinking, lungs, heart, stomach, liver.
what does the autonomic nervous system do
control vegetative functions, essential control centre of homeostasis
What is the baroreceptor reflex
Blood pressure reduces due to the transport, it is a negative feedback loop stopping high blood pressure
What is dual innervation
Organs that have both parasympathetic and sympathetic receptors
What is the antagonistic effect of parasympathetic organs
sympathetic
What occurs when there are no dual innervation
Synergystic, both parasympathetic and sympathetic organs do the same thing - produce mucous
What does not receive dual innervation
Sweat glands, mucous glands and blood vessels except penis
What happens when noradrenaline increases
blood vessels contract
What causes blood constriction
sympathetic nervous sytem with exercise
What are autonomic reflexes with conscious control
ones that both go to autonomic and sympathetic nervous system eg. behavioural override with skeletal muscle
What are examples of semi conscious reflexes
peeing and shitting
Which sphincter is the skeletal muscle
the external sphincter
What causes contraction
sympathetic
What causes the peeing reflex
sympathetic storage fibers and parasympathetic weeing fibers message the somatic nervous system telling it that it is time to pee
what is under voluntary control for peeing
external uretha sphincter
What does the hypothalamus do
primative functions
what does the midbrain pons and medulla oblongata do
cardiac control which involves swallowing
What does the cerebral cortex do
anger fear and anxiety
What does the flight response do
bronchodilation, increased heart rate, carbon monoxide, breakdown of fats, constriction of vessels
what is a compromise in the flight response
gi tract blood flow
what does the fight response do as well
pupil dialation, increased strength, less blood loss
what is a ganglion
where there is a synapse produced out of the cns
what is special about the postgangliotic nerve
unmyelinated
what is the last thing being released in the parasympathetic division
acetylcholine
what is the last thing being released in the sympathetic division
noradrenaline
what is the difference in ganglion location of sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic - at the beginning, parasympathetic - at the end
what do the adrenal glands release
adrenaline and cortisol
what is the difference in timeline of fight or flight, adrenaline and cortisol
milliseconds, minutes and hours respectively
what is muscarinic receptors
for muscle cells, all postganglionic receptors
what does m2 receptors do
cardiac boys
What do m3 recptors do
smooth boys
What does vasoconstriction
the alpha androgenic receptors
what does the beta receptor do
beta things such as vasodilation
what does the receptors do during excersice
transfer bloodflow from guts to muscle
what is the difference between noradrenaline and adrenaline
noradrenaline is alpha and adrenaline is beta
What is released first
Noradrenaline which constricts the blood in the ret of the are
what is a receptor antagonist
block receptors agonista activate receptors
what is hexamethonium
something that can kill yoi
What does aropine and scopolamine do
stop parasympathetic nervous system
what keeps sns going
phenylepherine and salbutomol
what stops the sympathetic nervous system
pentolamine
