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Biomedicine Specialised Core Subjects > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is autonomic

A

involuntary

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2
Q

What is orb

A

Sphere

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3
Q

What is skeletal muscle

A

Muscle surrounding bones

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4
Q

What are myocytes reffered to as

A

Muscle fibres

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5
Q

What is the dark purple in the cell

A

Nuclei

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6
Q

Is skeletal muscle vuluntary

A

Mostly

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7
Q

Does skeletal muscle have one nucleus

A

no

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8
Q

How long are skeletal muscle cells

A

a few centimetres

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9
Q

What is striated

A

Bands of filaments

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10
Q

What is the difference between the appearance of skeletal and cardiac

A

Cardiac has intercollated discs

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11
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary

A

no

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12
Q

Is smooth muscle striated

A

no

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13
Q

What is somatic

A

Voluntary

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14
Q

What is the function of muscle

A

Move bones, maintain posture, generate heat, protect visceral organs

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15
Q

Where does muscular energy come from

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

What is a muscle fasicles

A

group of fibers

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17
Q

What are muscle fibers

A

A skeletal muscle cell

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18
Q

Are muscles vascular

A

yes

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19
Q

What is the epi, peri and endomesium

A

Layers of the membranes in order of how far they go in

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20
Q

What is a epimesium

A

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle

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21
Q

What is the perimesium

A

Middle layer surrounding fasicles

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22
Q

What is the endomesium

A

Layer surrounding cells

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23
Q

What is direct muscle anchoring

A

Epimesium connected directly to bone/cartilage

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24
Q

What is indirect muscle connection

A

Uses tendons or aponeuroses to connect muscle to bones

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25
Q

what are tendons

A

Flexible but inelastic cord attaching muscle to bone

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26
Q

What is a fasicle arrangement’s

A

How the muscle is shaped

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27
Q

What is a circular fascicle

A

A Fasicle shaped like a circle, usually from the face named orb

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28
Q

What is convergent muscle

A

Fasicles converge to a single tendon

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29
Q

What is a parallel muscle fasicle

A

long muscles parallel to the long axis

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30
Q

What is unipennate bipennate and multipennate refer to

A

Number of muscle fassicles attachment

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31
Q

Where does the tendon lie in bipennate

A

Middle

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32
Q

What is a fusiform shape

A

thick in the middle but thin at the end

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33
Q

What are muscles named after sometimes

A

Location, size, orientation and shape, number of origins eg biceps triceps and quadriceps), location of attachments and muscle action

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34
Q

Why are origin and insertion not used

A

Origin isn’t always the embryological origin. Use attachments point instead

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35
Q

What are agonist and antagonist used for

A

To describe paried muscles

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36
Q

What does the agonist do

A

Provide a major force

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37
Q

What is the antagonist

A

Does the reverse of the major force

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38
Q

What are synergists

A

Muscles that aid the agonist

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39
Q

What are fixators

A

Stabilise by holding bones in place

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40
Q

DO tendons only attach to bone

A

no, they surround muscle, known as epimysium

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41
Q

How many nuclei do muscle fibers have

A

~250

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42
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

A little band of protein that is split by z lines. It is also what the myosin filament pulls

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43
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

endoplasmic reticulum for muscles

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44
Q

What is sarcomeres mase of

A

I band is made of the actin attatchment, there is a myosin filament in the middle. Titin is at the other end

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45
Q

What is actin

A

Double helix structure of G actin. 1micron ling and 8nm wide. They scaffold to make the sarcomere smaller

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46
Q

How thick is myosin compared to actin

A

thick finament

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47
Q

What does myosin headn do

A

pull and contracts muscle

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48
Q

What is useful for muscle contraction

A

ATP and Ca 2+

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49
Q

What does contraction do

A

Cross bridges, pulling actin relative to the myosin

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50
Q

What is a sliding filament model

A

Myosin pulling the thin and thick filament to each other

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51
Q

What are muscle filaments on

A

Z line

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52
Q

What does relaxed state mean

A

Muscle has low resistance to stretch

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53
Q

What is a concentric contraction

A

Pulling contraction

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54
Q

What is a eccentric contraction

A

Pushing contraction

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55
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

Keeps length the same

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56
Q

What is active tension

A

Myosin pulls through the filaments and contracts them using atp

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57
Q

What is the length tension curve

A

The stretchiness of tension

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58
Q

What is the goldilocks zone for length and maximal tension

A

Middle lenggth 1.8 - 2.2 microns

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59
Q

What is in the goldilocks zone for maximal tension

A

Resting position

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60
Q

Why is there a goldilocks zone

A

goldilocks is where all the myosin heads attach

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61
Q

what connects myosin to the sarcomeres

A

titins

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62
Q

Is there a direct relationship between max force and velocity

A

no inverse

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63
Q

What is the power of muscle

A

force multiplied by velocity

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64
Q

Where do muscles use the most power

A

intermediate load and intermediate velocities

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65
Q

Do muscles push

A

NO

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66
Q

What is brachii

A

of the arm

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67
Q

What is carpi

A

bones of the wrist

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68
Q

what is pollicis

A

of the thumb

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69
Q

what is supra

A

over

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70
Q

What is surae

A

of the calf

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71
Q

what is teres

A

round

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72
Q

what is hamm

A

hollow or bend of the knee

73
Q

what is the extensor digitorus

A

extend the digit of the fingers

74
Q

what is a lateral pterygoid

A

portrudes the jaw (more chad)

75
Q

What is the temporalis

A

Retracts the jaw (less chad)

76
Q

What does the trapezius do

A

elevates and depresses the shoulder

77
Q

What is the rectus abdominus

A

spinal flexion

78
Q

What is the erector spinae

A

spinal extension

79
Q

What is thesuprastanius

A

abduction

80
Q

what is the latissimus dorsi

A

adduction

81
Q

What is the deltoid

A

HEIL HITLER (FLEXION) of shoulder

82
Q

What does triceps do

A

extendion of elbow

83
Q

What does latissimus dorsi + deltoids also do

A

extension and hyperextension of shoulder

84
Q

What does biceps brachii do

A

flexes the elbow joint

85
Q

What does the pronator teres do

A

Pronates the hand

86
Q

What does the supinator do

A

Supinates the hand

87
Q

What extends the wrist

A

extensor carpi radialis and extension carpi ulnaris

88
Q

What is the flexion wrist muscles

A

flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris

89
Q

What flexes the fingers

A

flexor digitorum superficalus

90
Q

What extends the fingers

A

extensor digitorum

91
Q

What is the thenar eminence

A

the thumb muscles

92
Q

What flexes the thumb

A

flexor pollicus longus

93
Q

What extends the thumb

A

extensor pollicis longus

94
Q

What adducts the thumb

A

adductor pollicus

95
Q

what abducts the thumb

A

abductor pollicis

96
Q

what is iliopsoas

A

hip muscles that flexion

97
Q

What extends the hips

A

gluteus maximus

98
Q

What does the gluteus medius do

A

abduction

99
Q

What is the trecanter

A

attatchment point of the femur

100
Q

what are the hip adducters

A

adduct the hips

101
Q

what flexes the knee joint

A

hamstrings

102
Q

What extends the knee joints

A

quadriceps femoris

103
Q

What dorsiflexes the foot

A

digitorum longus

104
Q

what plantarflexes the foot

A

Triceps surae

105
Q

What does eversion of the foot

A

fibularis longus

106
Q

what does inversion

A

tibialis anterior

107
Q

Why os calcium important

A

calcium injection causes contraction, calcium deprivation prevents contraction

108
Q

What is required to tense muscles and relav muscles

A

atp

109
Q

What are the calcium pumps

A

PMCA and NCX

110
Q

what does PMCA do

A

gets rid of calcium through atp

111
Q

What is NCX

A

NaCa exchanger, lets ca in

112
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

giant endoplasmic reticulum which stores muscles

113
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum atpase, gets in and out of the SR

114
Q

What is the SR

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum network around each myofibril

115
Q

What is calesquestrin

A

binds free calcium, lowering the concentration gradient, allowing the SR to store high calcium concentrations

116
Q

Where does the extra calcium go

A

mostly SR but some in ECF

117
Q

What is calcium released through

A

Digydropyridine receptor and ryanodine receptor

118
Q

What is the dihydropyridine receptor

A

plasma membrane calcium channel and is voltage gated, they are really slow channels (L type)

119
Q

What is the ryanodine receptor

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum with no voltage gate, they are mechanically gated

120
Q

What is pushing the ryamodine receptor when opened

A

dihydropyridine receptor

121
Q

How close are digydropyridine receptors and rymadine receptors

A

very

122
Q

What is a t tuble

A

little bit of ECF that goes in

123
Q

What blocks the actin myosin binding site

A

tropomyosin

124
Q

What is troponin c

A

binds calcium

125
Q

what binds the tropinin out of the way for myosin to latch

A

calcium

126
Q

What is the neuronmuscular junction

A

nicotinic are ligand gated Na channels, motor neurons secrete acetylcholine when stimulated

127
Q

What is the acetocholine receptors

A

they open up the sodium channels

128
Q

What happens to the action potential

A

goes to the t tubles

129
Q

where does the calcium go

A

into the sr which allows the muscle to contract

130
Q

How soes contraction stops

A

motorneuron stops, acetylcholine degrades, calcium gates close and escape, it is called contraction

131
Q

what is the whole cycle calles

A

twitch

132
Q

how long is the twitch compared to the action potential

A

long compared to AT, and there is a latent period

133
Q

What is wave summation

A

lots of action potentials releasing more calcium

134
Q

what is titanic tension

A

max amoutn of tension

135
Q

What is a golgi tendon organ

A

It figures out tension level of muscles, so figures out proprioception for us

136
Q

What do muscle spindles look like

A

They are stretch receptors in the golgi tendon organ

137
Q

How many neuromusclar junctions do nmjs have

A

2

138
Q

What is a gto inverse myotactic reflex

A

the inverse muscle reflex, turns off the alpha neuron, sensory neuron inhibits an inhibitory reflex

139
Q

What is the tibialus anterior

A

big toe lifts up

140
Q

What does number of myofibers mean

A

strength

141
Q

what does number of MU’s mean

A

Precision

142
Q

What re the types of muscle fibers

A

slow, fast fatiguable, and fast fatigue resistant (medium)

143
Q

what are the fast fatigue resistant vs fast difference

A

Fast fatigue has mitochondria, fast fatigue resistant has no mitochondria

144
Q

What is the type ii muscle

A

fast

145
Q

What is the small muscle

A

Slow twitch

146
Q

What has the highest myosin atpase activity

A

Fast twitch

147
Q

What msucles are oxidated

A

red (slow twitch muscles)

148
Q

What muscles are activated first

A

slow twitch

149
Q

What is the shape of smooth muscle

A

spindle when elongated

150
Q

What is a weak muscle compared to the other muscles

A

Smooth

151
Q

What type of muscle is multinuclear

A

skeletal

152
Q

What causes the heart to beat

A

the heart, meaningg it is autonomc

153
Q

What is contained in both cardiac and skeletal muscles

A

myofibrils

154
Q

What is the dolution of cardiac muscles being one cell, not fibers

A

there is gap junctions that pass through cells

155
Q

What causes cardiac muscle to contract

A

Itself, it makes its own action potential

156
Q

What is a desmosome

A

transfers force

157
Q

What is special about pacemakers

A

it leaks sodium, causing action potentials

158
Q

What is calcium used in cardiac muscle

A

to depolarise

159
Q

what is a funny channels

A

They depolarise the heart with sodium by leaking sodium

160
Q

What is the cottom of the heart called

A

the apex

161
Q

where does the heart squeese first

A

the bottom (APEX)

162
Q

How long does the refactory period lasts

A

250ms

163
Q

What part of the heart depolarises

A

the sinoatrial node

164
Q

what causes the atrium to contract

A

the SA node

165
Q

What is a P wave

A

the atrium depolarisation

166
Q

What is the ventricular polarisation

A

the QRS complx

167
Q

what is the t wave

A

Ventricular repolarisation

168
Q

What does contracted smooth muscle look like

A

blob

169
Q

Where does the calsium come from

A

the matrix

170
Q

are the t tubles in smooth muscle

A

no

171
Q

how long can smooth muscles last

A

for your entire lifetime

172
Q

What regulates smooth myosin

A

phosphate and calcium

173
Q

What activates calcium channels in smooth muscles

A

temp, co2, O2, NO, PH, stretch, pacemakers and autonomic nervous system activity

174
Q

are there strech activated gates in smooth muscle

A

yes

175
Q

What does myosin pull in smooth muscle

A

everywhere

176
Q

how long is the latent period in smooth muscle

A

0.075 sec

177
Q

how long does tension peak

A

0.5 sec

178
Q
A

Biomedicine Specialised Core Subjects (20 decks)

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