Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

tissue that is formed by a network of many billion nerve cells, all assisted by many more supporting cells

A

nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 basic functions of the nervous system

A
  1. Sensory - to detect
  2. Integrative - to process/analyze
  3. Motor - to elicit an appropriate motor response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

division of the nervous system that consists of all the nervous tissue outside CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do you call the environmental changes that neurons respond to by altering the ionic gradient that exists across their plasma membranes

A

stimuli

this ionic gradient is also called an electrical potential but cells that can rapidly change this potential are said to be excitable or irritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do you call the environmental changes that neurons respond to by altering the ionic gradient that exists across their plasma membranes

A

stimuli

this ionic gradient is also called an electrical potential but cells that can rapidly change this potential are said to be excitable or irritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neurons react promptly to stimuli with a reversal of the ionic gradient also called ____.

A

membrane depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the neuron’s rxn to stimulus is propagated across its entire plasma membrane from the place that received the stimulus. the propagation is called?

A

action potential

may also be called depolarization wave or nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the nervous system develops from what embryonic layer?

A

ectoderm

ectoderm = outermost of the 3 embryonic layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

With signals from the underlying axial structure, the notochord, ectoderm on the mid-dorsal side of the embryo thickens to form the epithelial ____?

A

neural plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the sides of the neural plate fold upward and grow toward each other medially to form the what?

A

neural tube

Cells of this tube give rise to the entire CNS, including neurons and most glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

As the neural tube detaches from the now overlying ectoderm, many cells separate from it and produce a mass of mesenchymal cells called the ____?

A

neural crest

Cells from the neural crest give rise to the entire PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do you call the functional unit in both the CNS and PNS?

A

neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are neurons capable of mitosis?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cells that are smaller than neurons but far more outnumbers them; they are also known as support cells

A

glial cells

they are 10 times more abundant than neurons in the mammalian brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

division of the PNS that transmits action potentials from the periphery to the CNS

A

Sensory (Afferent) division

Sensory division may be further classified into Somatic (consciously) or Visceral (unconsciously)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

division of the PNS that transmits action potentials from the CNS towards the periphery

A

Motor (Efferent) division

Motor division may be further classified into Somatic (consciously) or Autonomic (unconsciously)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a division of the ANS that maintains normal body homeostasis

A

parasympathetic division

has its ganglia within or near effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a division of the ANS that maintains the body’s responses during emergencies and excitement

fight-or-flight

A

sympathetic division

sympathetic division has its ganglia close to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a division of the ANS that is located in the wall of the digestive tract

can function without input from the CNS or other parts of the PNS

A

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

this part of the neuron contains the nucleus and the cell’s organelles; serves as the synthetic or trophic center for the entire neuron

A

cell body (perikaryon or soma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

part of the neuron that is classified as the numerous elongated processes extending from the perikaryon and specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons

A

dendrites

also known as little trees; receiving end of a neuron

dendrites receive information from other neurons or receptors and transmit it toward the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a single long process ending at synapses specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses to other cells (eg, nerve, muscle, and gland cells)

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

type of neuron with one axon and two or more dendrites; most common

A

multipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

type of neuron with one dendrite and one axon; comprise the sensory neurons of the retina, olfactory epithelium, and the inner ear

A

bipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

type of neurons that have two extensions; one towards the periphery and one towards the CNS

most sensory neurons are part of this type

A

pseudounipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

type of neurons that have many dendrites but no true axon; do not produce action potentials but regulate electrical changes of adjacent CNS neurons

A

Anaxonic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

type of neurons based on function wherein action potential is conveyed to the CNS; most are unipolar in structure

A

Sensory Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

sensory neurons are ____, they receive stimuli from receptors throughout the body.

A

afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

type of neurons based on function that convey action potentials away from the CNS to the effector organs in the PNS thru cranial and spinal nerves; most are multipolar in structure

A

Motor Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Motor neurons are ____, sending impulses to effector organs such
as muscle fibers and glands.

A

efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

type of neurons based on function wherein it is mainly located within the CNS between the sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons

keyword: between

this is seen sa reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

____ motor nerves are under
voluntary control and typically innervate skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

____ motor nerves control the involuntary or unconscious activities of glands, cardiac muscle, and most smooth muscle.

A

autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm, exclusive of the cell processes

A

cell body (perikaryon)

.
`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A typical neuron has an unusually large, ____ nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, indicating intense synthetic activity

euchromatic or heterochromatic

A

euchromatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what do you call the regions of the perikarya that have concentrated RER and other polysomes that are basophilic?

A

Nissl bodies (chromatophilic substance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Usually covered with many synapses, ____ are the principal signal reception and processing sites on neurons

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In the CNS most synapses on dendrites occur on ____, which are dynamic membrane protrusions along the small dendritic branches, visualized with silver staining

A

dendritic spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Most neurons have only ____ axon, typically longer than its dendrites

how many axons?

A

one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The plasma membrane of the axon is often called the ____ and its contents are known as _____.

A

Axolemma; Axoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Axons originate from a pyramid-shaped region of the perikaryon called the ____?

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Axons of interneurons and some motor neurons also have major
branches called ____ that end at smaller branches with synapses influencing the activity of many other neurons.

A

collaterals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Each small axonal branch ends with a dilation called a terminal
____ that contacts another neuron or non-nerve cell at a synapse to initiate an impulse in that cell.

A

bouton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

It is an electrochemical process initiated at the axon hillock when
other impulses received at the cell body or dendrites meet a
certain threshold.

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

____ are sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another, or from neurons and other effector cells

A

Synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Most synapses act by releasing ____, which are usually small molecules that bind specific receptor proteins to either open or close ion channels or initiate second-messenger cascades.

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The ____ (terminal bouton)
contains mitochondria and numerous ____ from which neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis

A

presynaptic axon terminal; synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The ____ contains receptors for the neurotransmitter, and ion channels or other mechanisms to initiate a new impulse

A

postsynaptic cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

A

synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Organelles and macromolecules
synthesized in the cell body move by____ along axonal microtubules via ____ from the perikaryon to the synaptic terminals

A

anterogade transport; kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

____ in the opposite direction along microtubules via ____ carries certain other macromolecules, such as material taken up by endocytosis (including viruses and toxins), from the periphery to the cell body

A

Retrogade transport; dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The action potential is propagated along the axon as a wave of membrane depolarization produced by
voltage-gated ____ & ____ channels

A

Na+ & K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Synapse that is usually associated with and transmit a
nerve impulse to another neuron’s cell body (or soma)? to a dendritic spine?

A

Axosomatic synapse; Axodendritic synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

a synapse characterized by the connection of one axon terminal to another axon terminal

A

axoaxonic synapse

57
Q

network of fine cellular processes emerging from neurons and glial cells are called?

A

neuropil

58
Q

____ extend many processes, each of which becomes sheetlike and wraps repeatedly around a portion of a nearby CNS axon

A

Oligodendrocytes

59
Q

The resulting ____ from oligodendz electrically insulates the axon and facilitates rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

A

myelin sheath

60
Q

Identify the neuroglia

Myelin production, electrical insulation in the CNS

oval or round cell body; w/ fewer processes; smaller than astrocytes

A

Oligodendrocytes

61
Q

Identify the Neuroglia

Structural and metabolic support of neurons, especially at synapses; repair processes in the CNS

star-shaped w/ many processes

A

Astrocytes

62
Q

Identify the Neuroglia

Aid production and movement of CSF; lines ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

Epithelial cells arranged in 1 layer

A

Ependymal Cell

63
Q

Identify the Neuroglia

Defense and immune-related activities; protects CNS from disease & engulfs invading microbes

smaller cells; few processes

A

Microglia

64
Q

Identify the Neuroglia

Myelin production, electrical insulation in the PNS

Flattened cells that encircle PNS axons

A

Schwann Cells

65
Q

Identify the Neuroglia

Structural and metabolic support for neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

Flattened cells around cell bodies of neurons in ganglia

A

Satellite cells

66
Q

Proximal regions of the astrocytic processes are reinforced with bundles of intermediate filaments made of ____, which serves as a unique marker for this glial cell.

A

glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)

67
Q

type of astrocytes that have long delicate processes that are abundant in white matter

A

fibrous astrocytes

68
Q

type of astrocytes that have shorter processes and predominate in gray matter

A

protoplasmic astrocytes

69
Q

type of astrocytes that have shorter processes and predominate in gray matter

A

protoplasmic astrocytes

70
Q

astrocytes forms what you call an ____ to fill tissue defects after CNS injury; done thru proliferation

A

astrocytic scar

71
Q

____ are columnar or cuboidal cells that line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

72
Q

where do microglia originate?

A

from monocytes

microglia are not from neurulation; they belong to the same fam as macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells

73
Q

Schwann cells are sometimes called ____ and are only found in the PNS and are the counterparts of the oligodendz in the CNS

A

neurolemmocytes

74
Q

disease wherein the myelin sheaths surrounding axons are damaged by an autoimmune mechanism that interferes with the activity of the affected neurons and produces various neurologic problems

A

multiple sclerosis

75
Q

unlike an oligodendrocyte, a schwann cell forms myelin around a portion of how many axons?

A

one axon

76
Q

cells of the PNS that exert a trophic or supportive effect on the neurons

A

Satellite cells

77
Q

cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS; Closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves

neuronal cell bodies = gray matter

A

Ganglion

In the PNS, gray matter consists of clusters of neuron cell bodies, each of which is called a ganglion (gang′glē-on; pl. ganglia; a swelling or knot). (Seeley’s, 11th ed.)

78
Q

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the brain are called?

A

Nuclei

79
Q

Bundle of axons that is located in the PNS is called?

bundle of axons = white matter

A

Nerve

White matter of the CNS forms nerve tracts, or conduction pathways, which propagate action potentials from one area of the CNS to another. In the PNS, bundles of axons and their connective tissue sheaths are called nerves (Seeley’s, 11th ed.)

80
Q

bundle of axons that is located in the CNS that interconnects neurons in the spinal cord and brain?

A

Tract

White matter of the CNS forms nerve tracts, or conduction pathways, which propagate action potentials from one area of the CNS to another. In the PNS, bundles of axons and their connective tissue sheaths are called nerves (Seeley’s, 11th ed.)

81
Q

what do you call the connective tissue layers that protect the brain?

A

Meninges

82
Q

what are the major structures comprising the CNS?

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Spinal Cord

this is accdg to Junqueira

83
Q

what matter makes up the thick cortex of the cerebrum and the cerebellum?

A

gray matter

84
Q

neurons from what part of the brain function in the integration of sensosry information and the initiation of voluntary motor responses?

A

neurons of the cerebral cortex

85
Q

In the brain, where can you find the six layers of neurons with diff sizes and shapes? This is where u can find the efferent pyramidal neurons which is the most conspicuous (evident) of these cells.

A

cerebral cortex

86
Q

neurons from what part of the brain coordinates muscular activity throughout the body and has 3 layers?

A

cerebellar cortex

87
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. purkinje cells
  3. granular layer
88
Q

A thick outer ____ layer of the cerebellar cortex that has much neuropil and scattered neuronal cell bodies.

A

molecular layer

89
Q

A thin middle layer of the cerebellar cortex that consists only of very large neurons called ____.

A

purkinje cells

These are conspicuous even in H&E-stained sections, and their dendrites extend throughout the molecular layer as a branching basket of nerve fibers

90
Q

A thick inner ____ layer of the cerebellar cortex contains various very small, densely packed neurons

A

granular layer

91
Q

In cross sections of the spinal cord, the ____ matter is peripheral and the ____ matter forms a deeper, H-shaped mass

A

white matter; gray matter

92
Q

The two anterior projections of this gray matter, ____, contain cell bodies of very large motor neurons whose axons make up the ventral roots of spinal nerves.

A

anterior horns

93
Q

The two ____ contain interneurons which receive sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia

A

posterior horns

94
Q

Near the middle of the cord the gray matter surrounds a small ____, which develops from the lumen of the neural tube, is continuous with the ventricles of the brain, is lined by ependymal cells, and contains CSF.

A

central canal

95
Q

what are the three layers of meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
96
Q

this layer consists of dense irregular connective tissue organized as an outer periosteal layer continuous with the periosteum of the skull and an inner meningeal layer.

A

Dura mater

97
Q

what do you call the drainage channels that form where the two layers of the dura mater are separated from each other?

A

Dural venous sinuses

98
Q

Around the spinal cord the dura mater is separated from the periosteum of the vertebrae by the ____, which contains a plexus of thin-walled veins and loose connective tissue

A

epidural space

99
Q

this meningeal layer has a sheet of CT in contact w/ dura mater and a system of loosely arranged trabeculae composed of collagen and fibroblasts (continuous w/ pia mater)

A

arachnoid mater

100
Q

what do you call the large, sponge-like cavity that surrounds the trabeculae of the arachnoid mater and is filled with CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

101
Q

what do you call the endothelial cells lining the sinuses that function as sites for absorption of CSF into the blood of the venous sinuses?

A

arachnoid villi

ito ‘yung responsible sa pag-transport ng CSF from subarachnoid space to dural venous sinus then pabalik sa lateral ventricles then CSF production ulet

102
Q

meningeal layer that consists of flattened, mesenchymally derived cells closely applied to the entire surface of the CNS tissue

A

Pia mater

103
Q

the functional barrier that controls the passage of substances from blood into the CNS tissue

A

blood-brain barrier

104
Q

The main structural component of the BBB is the ____, in which the cells are tightly sealed together with well-developed occluding junctions

A

capillary endothelium

105
Q

The ____ that envelops the basement membrane of capillaries in most CNS regions contributes to the BBB and further regulates passage of molecules and ions from blood to brain.

A

limiting layer of perivascular astrocytic feet

106
Q

this consists of highly vascular tissue and is found in the roofs of the third and fourth ventricles and in parts of the two lateral ventricular walls

A

choroid plexus

choroid plexus function is to remove water from blood and release it as the CSF; CSF is clear, contains Na+, K+, and Cl- ions but very little protein + very sparse lymphocytes

107
Q

a condition characterized as the decrease in the absorption of CSF or a blockage of outflow from the ventricles during fetal or postnatal development is called?

A

hydrocephalus

hydrocephalus promotes a progressive enlargement of the head followed by mental impairment

108
Q

what are the 4 functions of the CSF?

A
  1. Mechanical protection
  2. Provides nutrients to the CNS
  3. Homeostatic function
  4. Circulation
109
Q

what are the 4 substances that can pass thru the blood-brain barrier?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Drugs
  3. Anesthesia
  4. Metabolite B1
110
Q

what are the main components of the PNS?

A

nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings

111
Q

what is the counterpart of a tract in the PNS?

A

Nerve

112
Q

a mature schwann cell myelin sheath has up to how many lamellae?

A

100 lamellae

meaning: naka-100 na ikot siya smth & its cytoplasm is the outermost layer

113
Q

Between adjacent Schwann cells on an axon the myelin sheath shows small ____ where the axon is only partially covered by interdigitating Schwann cell processes.

A

nodes of Ranvier

114
Q

At the nodes of Ranvier the axolemma is exposed to ions in the interstitial fluid and has a much higher concentration of voltage-gated Na+ channels, which renew the action potential and produce what type of conductions?

A

saltatory conductions

remember that nodes of Ranvier = myelinated axons; myelinated = saltatory conduction whereas unmyelinated is continuous conduction

115
Q

3 layers of a nerve

A
  1. Epineurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Endoneurium
116
Q

layer of a nerve that consists of reticular fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and capillaries

A

endoneurium

117
Q

groups of axons with schwann cells and endoneurium are bundled together as ____? they are bundled together by a sleeve of ____?

A

fascicles; perineurium

Perineurium contains flat fibrocytes with their edges sealed together by tight junctions. 2-6 layers of this CT make up the blood-nerve barrier

118
Q

layer of a nerve that has a dense, irregular fibrous coat which extends deeply to fill the space between fascicles?

A

epineurium

119
Q

____ fibers carry information from the internal body regions & the environment to the CNS

A

Afferent

120
Q

____ fibers carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs commanded by these centers

A

Efferent

121
Q

Nerves containing only sensory fibers are called? what about those composed of fibers that carry impulses to the effectors? what about a mix of these 2?

A

sensory nerves; motor nerves; mixed nerves

122
Q

what do you call the ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and their surrounding satellite cells?

A

Ganglia

123
Q

Are unmyelinated axons in the PNS enveloped by Schwann cells?

Yes or No

A

Yes; axons r enveloped by schwann cels but there are no myelin sheath wraps arnd each axon

124
Q

type of ganglia that receive afferent impulses that go to the CNS and is associated w/ both cranial nerves and the dorsal roots of spinal nerves

A

Sensory ganglia

125
Q

type of ganglia that affects the activity of smooth muscle, secretions of glands, heart rate, and many involuntary acts +++ homeostasis

A

Autonomic ganglia

126
Q

The neurons of these ganglia are
pseudounipolar and relay information from the ganglion’s
nerve endings to the gray matter of the spinal cord via synapses with local neurons. what is the type of ganglia being described?

A

Sensory ganglia

127
Q

____ are small bulbous dilations in autonomic nerves, usually with multipolar neurons.

A

Autonomic Ganglia

128
Q

____ are small bulbous dilations in autonomic nerves, usually with multipolar neurons.

A

Autonomic Ganglia

129
Q

The ganglia in the walls of the digestive tract is known as?

A

intramural ganglia

130
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of the chromatophilic material called Nissl substance in neural tissue?
a. Found throughout neurons
b. Site of mRNA translation for proteins of the axolemma
c. Most abundant in unipolar neurons
d. Becomes more abundant as an individual gets older
e. An example of intermediate filament proteins

A

b. Site of mRNA translation for proteins of the axolemma

131
Q

Which of the following events occurs immediately after an action potential reaches a synapse at an axon terminal?
a. Vesicle fusion with the presynaptic terminal membrane
b. Calcium ion influx at the presynaptic terminal
c. Neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic
membrane
d. Neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft
e. Binding of the neurotransmitter at the presynaptic terminal

A

b. Calcium ion influx at the presynaptic terminal

132
Q

A report from a hospital pathology laboratory indicates that a microscope slide with a small specimen of neural tissue contains “numerous GFAP-positive” cells. What is the most likely source of this specimen?
a. A region of white matter
b. A sensory ganglion
c. An autonomic ganglion
d. A region of gray matter
e. Pia mater

A

d. A region of gray matter

133
Q

In the choroid plexus water from capillaries is transported directly into the cerebrospinal fluid by what structure(s)?
a. Ependyma
b. Astrocytes
c. Cells of the arachnoid mater
d. Lining of the central canal
e. Microglial cells

A

a. Ependyma

134
Q

What term applies to collections of neuronal cell bodies (somata) in the central nervous system?
a. Ganglia
b. Neuroglia
c. Nodes
d. White matter
e. Nuclei

A

e. Nuclei

135
Q

Which structure contains trabeculae around which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows?
a. Arachnoid mater
b. Ependyma
c. Dura mater
d. Pia mater
e. Gray matter

A

a. Arachnoid mater

136
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual fascicles in large peripheral nerves?
a. A delicate region of connective tissue in contact with Schwann cells
b. Called the dura mater
c. Important as part of the blood-nerve barrier in the nerve
d. Rich in myelin
e. The thickest sheath of connective tissue in the nerve

A

c. Important as part of the blood-nerve barrier in the nerve

137
Q

A 35-year-old woman presents with weakness and spasticity in the lower left extremity, visual impairment and throbbing in the left eye, and difficulties with balance, fatigue, and malaise. There is an increase in CSF protein, elevated gamma globulin, and moderate pleocytosis. MRI confirms areas of demyelination in the anterior corpus callosum. Imaging identifies plaques that are hyperintense on T2-weighted and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, and hypointense on T1-weighted scans. Which of the following cells are specifically targeted in her condition?
a. Microglia
b. Oligodendrocytes
c. Astrocytes
d. Schwann cells
e. Multipolar neurons

A

b. Oligodendrocytes

ang ginawa kong hint here would be the corpus callosum demyelination (part siya ng brain, meaning, CNS)

138
Q

A 22-year-old man receives a severe, traumatic compression injury to his radial nerve during a motorcycle crash. He shows an advancing Tinel sign. Which one of the following qcharacterizes regeneration of axons after this nerve injury?
a. It occurs in the absence of motor nerve action potentials.
b. It occurs at a rate of about 100 mm/d.
c. It occurs in the segment distal to the site of axon damage.
d. It occurs by a process that involves Schwann cell proliferation.
e. It occurs in conjunction with degeneration and phagocytosis of
the endoneurium

A

d. It occurs by a process that involves Schwann cell proliferation.

139
Q

A 2-year-old boy presents with hearing impairment, poliosis (a white shock of hair), complete heterochromia and sectoral heterochromia, hypertelorism, a low hairline with eyebrows that touch in the middle, white pigmentation of the skin, and suspected neurologic deficits. He is diagnosed with Waardenburg syndrome with a mutation in the PAX-3 gene that affects neural crest differentiation. Which of the following structures would most likely also be affected in this patient?
a. Purkinje cells
b. Pyramidal neurons
c. Ventral horns of the spinal cord
d. Astrocytes
e. Neurons and satellite cells of the spinal ganglion

A

e. Neurons and satellite cells of the spinal ganglion

the hint for me here was the neural crest differentiation. I’m aware that neural crest = PNS whereas neural tube = CNS (this is from neurulation). After neural crest differentiation prob i looked for smth n part ng PNS (satellite cells)

Histology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions