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Histology > Male Repro > Flashcards

Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

The male reproductive system consists of what?

4 sila accdg to junqueira

A
  1. Testes
  2. Genital ducts
  3. Accessory glands
  4. Penis
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2
Q

____ is important for spermatogenesis, sexual differentiation during embryonic and fetal development, and control of gonadotropin secretion in the pituitary.

what hormone?

A

Testosterone

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3
Q

What do you call the metabolite of testosterone that acts on many tissues such as the male accessory glands and hair follicles during puberty?

A

dihydrotestosterone

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4
Q

Spermatozoa and the secretions of the accessory glands make up the ____, which is introduced into the female reproductive tract by the penis.

A

semen

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5
Q

what do you call the dense CT capsule that surrounds the testes?

A

Tunica albuginea

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6
Q

what do you call the thickening of the dense CT capsule of the testes on the posterior side which houses the rete testis?

A

Mediastinum testis

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7
Q

what do you call the pyramidal compartments in the testis that contains testosterone-secreting cells and the tubules where spermatogenesis occurs?

A

testicular lobules

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8
Q

the testes develop from from where?

A

retroperitoneally in the dorsal wall of the embryonic abdominal cavity

it moves from the abdominopelvic cavity to the place where it is located now and it is suspended in the scrotum at the ends of the spermatic cords

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9
Q

what do you call the sacs that contain the testes?

A

scrotum

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10
Q

During migration from the abdominal cavity, each testis carries with it a serous sac, the ____, derived from the peritoneum.

A

tunica vaginalis

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11
Q

This tunic consists of an outer parietal layer lining the scrotum and an inner visceral layer, covering the tunica albuginea on the anterior and lateral sides of the testis

A

tunica vaginalis

outer = parietal = lining the scrotum
inner = visceral = covers tunica albuginea

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12
Q

spermatogenesis can only occur if the core body temp is?

A

34oC

If body temp is 37oC, sperm formation won’t take place in d testes

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13
Q

Each testitucal arteru is surrounded by what and this contains cooler blood by a countercurrent heat-exchange system?

A

pampiniform venous plexus

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14
Q

____ and ____ muscles work together to maintain the temperature of the testicles which is responsible for spermatogenesis. At lower temperatures, they raise the testicals closer to the body to retain heat, while at higher temperatures they relax the scrotum to promote heat loss.

A

Cremaster and Dartos

Cremaster is located sa spermatic cords whereas the dartos muscle is found arnd d scrotum

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15
Q

what do you call the condition wherein one or both testes failed to descend before birth?

A

cryptorchidism

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16
Q

what do you call the cells that produce testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells or Leydig cells

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17
Q

What do you call the hormone that promotes the development of the secondary male characteristics?

A

Testosterone

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18
Q

Testosterone secretion is triggered by what hormone?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) or Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

  1. GnRH hypothalamus then itll stimulate anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH
  2. LH - targets interstitial cell; thus, it is also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
  3. FSH - targets sustentacular cells or sertoli cells to support sperm development
  4. FSH increases inhibin secretion too
  5. Remember that most hormones are facilitated by nega feedback. FSH to inhibin to stop FSH secretion then LH to testosterone then increased testosteone has a nega feedback on d secretion of GnRH
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19
Q

what stimulates the interstitial cells to synthesize testosterone for the development of ducts and glands of d male repro system during the late embryonic phase of the testes?

A

gonadotropin from the placenta

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20
Q

How many seminiferous tubules does a testis have?

A

250-1000 tubules

combined length of tubules is abt 250 meters :oooo

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21
Q

sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules at a rate of how much per day?

A

2 x 108

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22
Q

where is the site of sperm cell development?

A

seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

what do you call the tubule that links the seminiferous tubules to the tubules located in the mediastinum testis?

A

straight tubule

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24
Q

what connects the seminiferous tubule to the efferent ductules?

these r the tubules located sa mediastinum testis

A

rete testis

Rete testis = a labyrinth of epithelium-lined channels embedded in the mediastinum testis

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25
Q

determine the next structure s sperm travel

  1. Seminiferous tubules
  2. Straight tubule
  3. Rete testis
  4. ?
  5. ?
A

Efferent ductules; Epididymis

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26
Q

Each seminiferous tubule is lined with a complex, specialized stratified epithelium called ____ or ____ epithelium

A

germinal or spermatogenic

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27
Q

What do you call the cells lining the basement membrane of the germinal or spermatogenic epithelium that allows for weak contractions of the tubule?

A

myoid cells

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28
Q

What are the two types of cells that can be found in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. Sertoli cells
  2. Cells of the spermatogenic lineage
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29
Q

what do you call the cells which physically and metabolically support developing sperm cell precursors?

A

Sertoli cells

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30
Q

The cells of the spermatogenic lineage, comprising four or more concentric layers of cells in the germinal epithelium, develop from progenitor cells to fully formed sperm cells over a period of approximately ____?

A

10 weeks

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31
Q

what do you call the first part of sperm production that involves mainly mitosis and meiosis?

A

spermatogenesis

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32
Q

what do you call the final differentiation process occuring in the haploid male germ cells?

A

spermiogenesis

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33
Q

Spermatogenesis begins at puberty with proliferation of stem and progenitor cells called ____?

A

spermatogonia

(spermatogonium, singular)

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34
Q

what cell is the product of the mitosis of spermatogonia?

A

primary spermatocytes

Spermatogonia divides infrequently to give rise to both new stem cells and to cells that divide more rapidly as progenitor cells. These type A (the latter earlier) spermatogonia undergo several clonal divisions that leave most of the cells interconnected as a syncytium which become type B spermatogonia then each type B spermatogonia then undergoes a final mitotic division to produce 2 cells that grow in size and become primary spermatocytes

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35
Q

primary spermatocytes have what type of nuclei?

euchromatic or heterochromatic?

A

euchromatic

Remember that the main difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin is that euchromatin consists of transcriptionally active regions of DNA whereas heterochromatin consists of transcriptionally inactive DNA regions in the genome. Since we know n inde pa final stage primary spermatocytes, it’ll need DNA pa.

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36
Q

Most spermatocytes seen in sections of testis are seen in what phase of meiosis?

A

prophase

Primary spermatocytes have 46 chromosomes and a DNA content of 4N (N=chromatid #); this lasts about 3 weeks

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37
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate in the first meiotic division, which produces smaller cells called ____?

A

secondary spermatocytes

they have 23 chromosomes but each still consists of two chromatids so DNA amt is 2N; rare in testis sections because they are very short-lived cells that remain in interphase only briefly

38
Q

Division of each secondary spermatocyte separates the
chromatids of each chromosome and produces two haploid
cells called ____?

A

spermatids

they only have 23 chromosomes and bcoz no S phase (DNA repli) between 1st and 2nd meio, amt of DNA per cell is reduced by hald when chromatid separate and cells formed are haploid cells or 1N. ending nito 4 spermatids each w/ 23 chromosomes and 1N.

39
Q

what type of spermatogonia act as stem cells to produce or replicate themselves? what about the type that undergoes mitosis that marks the start of spermatogenesis?

A

Type A spermatogonia, Type B

40
Q

Spermiogenesis, the final phase of sperm production, is the
temperature-sensitive process by which spermatids differentiate into ____, which are highly specialized to deliver male DNA to the ovum.

A

spermatozoa

41
Q

what are the 4 phases of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. Acrosome phase
  4. Maturation phase
42
Q

Identify spermiogenesis phase

small proacrosomal vesiclees from the golgi apparatus of the cytoplasm coalesce (grow together) as a single membrane-limited acrosomal cap close to the one end of the nucleus.

A

golgi phase

The centrioles migrate to a position farthest from the acrosomal cap and one acts as a basal body, organizing the axoneme of the flagellum which is structurally and functionally similar to that of a cilium

43
Q

Identify spermiogenesis phase

the acrosomal cap spreads over about hald of the condensing nucleus

A

cap phase

44
Q

what do you call the specialized type of lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes and a trypsin-like protease called acrosin?

A

acrosome

45
Q

what do you call the process wherein enzymes r released when spermatozoon encounters oocyte and acrosomal membrane fuses w/ sperm’s plasma membrane to dissociate cells of the corona radiata and digests the zona pellucida (both structure surround the egg)?

A

acrosomal reaction

this is one of the first steps in fertilization

46
Q

Identify the spermiogenesis phase

the head of the developing sperm remains embedded in the Sertoli cell while the growing axoneme extends into the lumen of the tubule. Flagellum growth continues distally in the tail

A

acrosome phase

47
Q

in what part of the sperm is ATP for flagellar movements generated?

A

in the middle piece

mitochondria aggregate around the midpiece to thicken it during the acrosome phase

48
Q

Identify spermiogenesis phase

unneeded cytoplasm is shed as a residual body from each spermatozoon and remaining intercellular bridges are lost.

A

maturation phase

Fully formed but not yet functional or mobile, sperm are released into the lumen of seminiferous tubule

49
Q

Important in Sertoli cell function are elaborate tight occluding junctions between their basolateral membranes, which form a ____ within the seminiferous epithelium

A

blood-testis barrier

50
Q

Production of nutrients and ____, which concentrates testosterone to a level required for spermiogenesis, is promoted by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

A

Androgen-binding protein (ABP)

51
Q

what do the sertoli cells secrete which feeds back on the anterior pituitary gland to suppress FSH synthesis and release?

A

inhibin

this is a glycoprotein

52
Q

what do the sertoli cells secrete in the fetus that causes regression of the embryonic müllerian (paramesonephric) ducts

A

müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS)

in the absence of MIS, these ducts become parts of the female reproductive tract

53
Q

the intratesticular ducts is composed of what ducts?

A
  1. Straight tubules
  2. Rete testis
  3. Efferent ductules
54
Q

Identify the male genital duct

located in the testicular lobules that produce sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules

55
Q

Identify the male genital duct

located in the periphery of the mediastinum testis that convey sperm into the rete testis

A

Straight tubules

56
Q

Identify the male genital duct

located in the mediastinum testis that channels with sperm from all seminiferous tubules

A

Rete testis

57
Q

Identify the male genital duct

located from rete testis to the head of epididymis that absorbs most fluid from seminiferous tubules to convey sperm into the epididymis

A

Efferent ductules

58
Q

Identify the male genital duct

located in the head, body, and tail of the epididymis that is considered the site for sperm maturationa nd short-term storage; it also expels sperm at ejaculation

A

Epididymal duct

59
Q

Identify the male genital duct

Extends from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts in the prostate gland that carries sperm by rapid persitalsis from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts

A

Ductus (Vas) deferens

60
Q

Identify the male genital duct

located in prostate that is formed by the union of ductus deferens and ducts of the seminal vesicles; mix sperm and seminal fluid and it delivers semen to urethra where prostatic secretion is added

A

Ejaculatory ducts

61
Q

the epididymis includes a ____ region where the efferent ductules enter, a ____ where sperm cells undergo further subtle modifications, and a ____ where sperm are stored until ejaculation

A

head; body; tail

62
Q

what CT (and cellz) line the epididymal duct?

A

stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium consisting of principal cells

63
Q

what cells are in the lining of the epididymis that remove most of the water and residual bodies before entering the epididymis with the sperm and secrete various products?

A

principal cells

64
Q

what do you call the long straight tube with a thick, muscular wall and a relatively small lumen, leaves the scrotum and continues toward the prostatic urethra where it empties?

A

ductus (vas) deferens

65
Q

Following the general path along which the embryonic testes descend, each ductus deferens passes over the urinary bladder where it enlarges as an ____ where the epithelium is thicker and more extensively folded

A

ampulla

wider area of the vas deferens

66
Q

Within the prostate gland, the ends of the two ampullae merge with the ducts of the two seminal vesicles, joining these ducts to form the ____ which open into the ____.

A

ejaculatory ducts; prostatic urethra

67
Q

what are the 3 accessory glands of the male repro system?

A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland
  3. bulbourethral glands
68
Q

The ____ are exocrine glands in which production of their viscid, yellowish secretion depends on testosterone; fluid from these typically makes up 70% of the ejaculate

A

seminal vesicles

69
Q

seminal vesicle secretion component that functions as a major energy source for sperm

A

fructose

70
Q

seminal vesicle secretion component that stimulates activity in the reproductive tract

A

prostaglandins

71
Q

seminal vesicle secretion component which allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation

A

fibrinogen

72
Q
A

corpora cavernosa

73
Q

what are the 3 major zones of the prostate gland?

A
  1. transition zone - mucosal glands
  2. central zone - submucosal glands
  3. peripheral zone - main glands
74
Q

what do you call the secretion of the prostate gland that helps liquefy coagulated semen for the slow release of sperm after ejaculation?

A

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

75
Q

other name for the bulbourethral glands?

A

cowper glands

76
Q

what do you call the glands located in the urogenital diaphragm and empty into the proximal part of the penile urethra?

A

bulbourethral glands

secretions from this gland:
1. lubricate the urethra for sperm mvmnt & lubrication during intercourse
2. neutralize acid in the urethra & vagiegie

77
Q

penis erectile tissue masses

A
  1. corpora cavernosa - dorsal
  2. corpus spongiosum - ventral
78
Q

what do you call the retractable fold of thin skin of the penis with sebaceous glands on the internal surface?

A

prepuce

79
Q

what do you call the dense fibroelastic layer surrounding the corpora cavernosa

A

tunica albuginea

80
Q

all three erectile tissues consist of ____ lined with endothelium and separated by trabeculae with smooth muscle and connective tissue continuous with the surrounding tunic

penile erection involves blood filling this structure in the 3 masses of erectile tissues

A

cavernous spaces

81
Q

For erection, ____ stimulation relaxes muscle of the small helicine arteries and adjacent tissues, allowing vessels of the cavernous tissue to fill with blood; the enlarging corpora compress the venous drainage

para or sympha

A

parasympathetic

82
Q

The ____ stimulation at ejaculation constricts blood flow through the helicine arteries, allowing blood to empty from the cavernous tissues.

para or sympa

A

sympathetic

83
Q

Which of the following accurately describes spermiogenesis?
a. Occurs before puberty
b. Involves stem cells, meiosis, and spermatogenesis
c. Involves cytodifferentiation of early spermatids
d. Occurs in diploid cells
e. Results in the formation of primary spermatocytes

A

c. involves cytodifferentiation of early spermatids

84
Q

A man with a pituitary gonadotrophic tumor causing hyposecretion of FSH is most likely to exhibit which condition?
a. No symptoms, since he has no ovarian follicles
b. Loss of libido (sex drive)
c. Low serum testosterone levels
d. Low sperm count
e. Prostatic hypertrophy

A

d. Low sperm count

85
Q

Interstitial cells of Leydig have an important function in male gamete production. Because of this function, which of the following organelles is abundant within these cells?
a. Lysosomes
b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c. Peroxisomes
d. Polyribosomes
e. Golgi complexes

A

b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

86
Q

While studying a germ cell line developed from a patient’s testicular biopsy, the researcher notes that colchicine-treated cells blocked in metaphase have 46 chromosomes. From which of the following regions of the male genital tract would you expect these cells to have originated?
a. Within the rete testis
b. At the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule
c. In the middle region of the germinal epithelium
d. Within the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule
e. Within the straight tubules

A

b. At the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule

basal lamina = spermatogonia
adluminal compartment = spermatocytes & spermatids

87
Q

Which of the following organs is normally characterized by the
accumulation of corpora amylacea with increasing age?
a. Prostate
b. Seminal vesicles
c. Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
d. Epididymis
e. Ductus (vas) deferens

A

a. Prostate

88
Q

Within the male reproductive tract, stereocilia project from cells lining which of the following regions?
a. Rete testis
b. Seminiferous tubules
c. Ampulla of the ductus deferens
d. Epididymis
e. Penile urethra

A

d. Epididymis

89
Q

As sperm pass through the male genital ducts, proteins and low molecular-weight products are added from several sources producing semen. Which of the following provides a nutritive, fructose-rich secretion?
a. Interstitial cells of Leydig
b. Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
c. Prostate gland
d. Epididymis
e. Seminal vesicles

A

e. Seminal vescicles

90
Q

A 20-year-old man contracts cholera during a long tour of military duty in a remote, completely undeveloped region. After a 5-day period of severe diarrhea and treatment, he gradually recovers and slowly returns to work. He is married 3 years later but after a few years of trying to conceive a child, semen analysis reveals that his sperm are few in number and malformed, and blood tests show a high titer of antibodies against sperm antigens. The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholera, secretes a toxin that interferes with tight (occluding) junctions. What cells in the gonad are the likely target of this toxin in the male reproductive system?
a. Spermatogonia
b. Sertoli cells
c. Myoid cells
d. Interstitial cells of Leydig
e. Differentiating spermatozoa

A

b. Sertoli cells

91
Q

A 29-year-old man presents with testicular pain and a burning sensation during urination. Tests reveal the presence of Neisseria gonorrhea and penicillin is prescribed. Gonorrhea often produces acute or chronic inflammation of the testes and frequently involves the channels that connect the testis to the epididymis. What is the name of these channels?
a. The mediastinum testis
b. The rete testis
c. Efferent ductules
d. The straight tubules (tubuli recti)
e. The seminiferous tubules

A

c. Efferent ductules

92
Q

A 39-year-old man undergoing an extensive series of tests for infertility is found to have a genetic mutation preventing formation of a functional synaptonemal complex during meiosis, causing almost complete failure of sperm formation. Which cells would be directly affected by this mutation?
a. Primary spermatocytes
b. Spermatogonia
c. Secondary spermatocytes
d. Spermatids
e. Cells undergoing spermiogenesis

A

a. Primary spermatocytes

Histology (8 decks)

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