Connective Tissue Flashcards
These are also known as APCs (antigen-presenting cells)
Macrophages
Tissue that connects/separates/supports other types of tissues in the body
Connective Tissue
it also has loose cells and abundant stroma
ground substance macromolecule that has multiple binding sites for cell surface integrin and other matrix macromolecules
w/ oligosaccharide chains and allow adhesion of cells to their substrate
glycoproteins
WBC with 3-4 lobes
Neuts
Identified by close packing of collagen fibers
Dense CT
1. If randomly oriented - Irregular
2. If in one direction & parallel to each other - Regular
Identify the CT
Ligament
Dense Regular CT
this fiber has a basic pH and is stained pink; eosinophilic
Collagen
Proteoglycan having a core protein heavily bound with chondroitin and keratan sulfate chains
Aggrecan
the most abundant type of protein in the body
Collagen
* has 28 types too
What do you call the occurrence of elastin in the wall of large blood vessels (arteries) as fenestrated sheets?
Elastic lamellae
Identify the CT Cell
responsible for IgE-mediated response & release of histamine during allergy
Mast cells
WBC with a circle nucleus; agranulocyte
Lymphocyte
Two types of Adipose CT
- White Adipose
- Brown Adipose
fiber that has a lesser affinity to eosin
elastic fiber
Important target cells of leptin are found in which organ?
hypothalamus
White adipose = unilocular; ____ = Multilocular
Brown adipose
The type of adipose present in the body is dependent on the number of?
dependent on the number of Mitochondria (the more the mitochondria = brown)
Brown = Multilocular
Two types of chromatin and specialty
- Heterochromatin = condensed chromatin and inactive for transcription (fibrocyte)
- Euchromatin = loose & active for transcription (fibroblast)
this tissue is found in the mesoderm
mesenchymal tissue
WBC with violet to black granules
Basophil
glycoprotein that is responsible for forming fibrils
Fibrillin
What are the 3 components of ECM
- Fibers
- Ground Substance
- Interstitial fluid
Glycoprotein with binding sites for integrin, type IV collagen, and provides adhesion for epithelial cells and other cells
laminin
Identify type of collagen present
Hyaline cartilage
Type 2
termed as adult fat
white fat
in white adipose tissue
This component of CT has glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
Ground substance
CT characterised by signet ring appearance and its functions are fat storage, insulation, and mech support
Adipose tissue
Identify the CT
Lymph node
Reticular
Are cartilage vascular or avascular?
Avascular
they receive nutrienz from capillaries in surrounding CT (perichondrium)
they also have no nerves
the cross-section of this looks like a face with 2 arteries and a single vein with an allantoic duct
Umbilical cord
termed as adult fat
white fat
in white adipose tissue
Amino acid that promotes adhesion between amino acid chains to build collagen
Hydroxyproline
Triglyceride soures:
- Chylomicrons (dietary fats to the cells via circulation)
- VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein; lipids synthesized in liver)
- Free fatty acids & glycerol by adipocytes
Applied to adipocytes, the term “multilocular” refers to which of the following?
a. The large number of small cytoplasmic lipid droplets
b. The proliferation of the cells in an obese individual
c. The large number of mitochondria in the cells
d. The high density of nerves supplying the tissue
e. The type of mesenchymal cells also present
The large number of small cytoplasmic lipid droplets
This is the origin (or embryonic origin) of connective tissues
Mesenchyme from mesoderm
Identify type of collagen present
Between the basal lamina and reticular lamina
Type 7
this polypeptide hormone have target cells in hypothalamus which helps regulate the appetite and participates in regulating the formation of new adipose tissue
also known as satiety factor
Leptin
Identify type of collagen present
Endomysium
Type 3
Identify type of collagen present
Spleen
Type 3
What do you call the precursor of thrombocytes?
Megakaryocytes
Identify the CT
Epiglottis
Elastic
sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage in most places
perichondrium
These cells have granules containing histamine & heparin and is responsible for IgE-mediated responses
Mast cells
These cells are infrequent and is usually seen in areas of inflammation. Characterized also by its cartwheel appearance
Plasma cells
Type of Collagen present in hyaline and elastic cartilage
Type II
Identify the CT Cell
cell with wheel appearance that gives rise to antibodies
Plasma cell
type of CT usually seen in hematopoietic organs
Reticular CT
Identify the CT Cell
Fiber-producing
Fibroblast
Identify the CT
Dermis
Dense Irreg CT
Identify type of collagen present
Bone
Type 1
Cancer of the connective tissue that is benign
Fibroma
largest and most ubiquituous glycosaminoglycan
Hyaluronan
synthesized into the ECM by enzyme complex called hyraluronan synthase
2 classifications of CT proper
- Loose (Areolar = bcoz of air-like spaces; thus, areo)
- Dense (may be reg or irreg)
what type of cartilage has no perichondrium?
Fibrocartilage
These cells have inclusion bodies called Russel bodies
Plasma cells
Chondrocytes are located in matrix cavities called?
Lacuna
type of collagen found in dermis, bone, tendon, and fibrocartilage
Type I collagen
Fully differentiated white adipocytes are large cells, typically having diameters of approximately what size?
50 - 150 μm
2 classifications of embryonic connective tissue
- Mesenchymal
- Mucous
What are the relatively large particles formed in the intestinal epithelial cells and rich in ingested lipids?
chylomicrons
Where can mucous CT be found?
Umbilical cord
Two main components of CT
- Cells
- ECM
a differentiation of the mesenchymal cell that is considered the mother of all blood elements
hemocytoblast
or hematopoietic stem cell
Resident Macrophages in the brain
Microglia
Types of collagen accdg to r interacting
α-chains subunits:
- Fibrillar - Types I, II, III, V
- Network/Sheet-forming - IV
- Linking/Anchoring - VII
Identify type of collagen present
Tendon
Type 1
What is the most important form of lipid storage in both white and brown adipocytes?
Triglycerides
Identify the CT
Tendon
Dense Regular CT
This CT has slender, retractile fibers with elastin (Collagen Type II)
Elastic Tissue
what stimulates glucose uptake by adipocytes and accelerates its conversion into triglycerides?
insulin
This CT contains reticulin (Collagen Type III)
Reticular Tissue
3 classifications of CT w/ specialized properties
- Elastic
- Reticular
- Adipose
Identify type of collagen present
Smooth muscles
Type 3
Identify the type of collagen
usually associated with laminins & is located in the lamina lucida of the basal lamina of the basement membrane
Type IV
Which of the following contains binding sites for integrins and is an important part of the ECM in both loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue?
a. Aggrecan
b. Fibronectin
c. Perlecan
d. Fibrillin
e. Most types of collagen
b. Fibronectin
What vitamin does hydroxyproline need?
Vitamin C
True or False
The plentier the mitochondria, the darker the adipocyte
True
Resident Macrophages in the Liver
Kuppfer’s cells
Identify the CT Cell
WBCs
Leukocytes
Largest WBC with a kidney-shaped nucleus; Agranulocyte
Monocytes
this fiber stains readily with Periodic Acid Schiff and Silver stains
Reticular fibers
seldom visible in H&E (+) in PAS = has 10% carbs than 1% in other fibers
what do you call the proteins wherein one or more glycosaminoglycan chains are attached to?
Proteoglycans
These are large complexes of negatively charged heteropolysaccharides (Mucopolysaccharides) chains containing modified forms of glucose
Glycosaminoglycans
what do you call the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in the connective tissue?
water that comes from the blood passing through capillary walls
edema
precursor cells of adipocytes
preadipocytes
Identify the CT
Nucleus at periphery
Adipose tissue
characterized by abundant ground substance and tissue fluid
Areolar CT (loose)
3 types of fibers
- Collagen
- Elastic
- Reticular
Identify type of collagen present
Fibrocartilage
Type 1
Identify the CT
most widespread & is associated with Type 1 Collagen
Loose (Areolar)
this tissue gives rise to all connective tissue
mesenchymal tissue
2 classifications of bone tissue
- Compact
- Spongy
cells in the CT that produce fiber
fibroblasts
Identify type of collagen present
Liver
Type 3
Identify the CT Cell
Fat cell
Adipocytes
identify the CT
Perichondrium
Dense Irreg CT
these fibers are composite of fibrillin which forms a network of microfibrils embedded in a larger mass of cross-linked elastin
Elastic fibers
these fibers are not strongly acidophilic and stain poorly with H&E; stained more with orcein & aldehyde fuchsin
Elastic fiber
the hormone-sensitive lipase in the cells of adipose tissue acts primarily on what substrate?
triglycerides
Thermogenesis is the main function of this adipose tissue type
Brown adipose
Identify type of collagen present
Kidney
Type 3
Proteoglycan that is key in all basal lamina
Perlecan
What substance, released from the adrenal gland and some autonomic neurons, increases lipolytic activity in white adipocytes?
norepinephrine
Amino acid that promotes adhesion between amino acid chains to build collagen
Hydroxyproline
Identify type of collagen present
Lung
Type 3
Identify the CT
Trachea
Hyaline
This CT is widely distributed and has few collagen fibers
Loose CT
fiber present in embryonic tissue & represents maturity of tissue
reticular
Identify type of collagen present
Dermis
Type 1
this CT is the framework of hematopoietic and lymphoid organs
Reticular Tissue
4 types of glycosaminoglycans
- Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate
- Keratan sulfate
- Heparan sulfate
- Hyaluronan
Identify type of collagen present
Fetal membrane
Type 5
Plasma cells are derived from where?
B lymphocytes
Classifications of Adult Connective tissue
- CT proper
- Ct w/ specialized properties
type of adipocytes that are often closely packed around large capillaries
brown adipocytes
Cartilage consists of cells called what?
Chondrocytes
identify the CT
capsules surrounding most organs
dense irregular CT
Identify the CT
has totipotential
Mesenchymal CT
Identify the CT
Aponeurosis
Dense Reg CT
3 classifications of specialized CT
- Blood & lymph
- Bone
- Cartilage
3 types of cartilage
- Hyaline
- Fibrous
- Elastic
glycoprotein synthesized largely by fibroblasts and forms insoluble fibrillar networks thruout CT
fibronectin
Identify type of collagen present
Elastic cartilage
Type 2
What cells numerous in loose connective tissue are filled with secretory granules and stain with metachromasia
Mast cells
this is what you call the matrix in mucous connective tissue
mucopolysaccharide matrix
Cancer of the connective tissue that is malignant
Sarcoma
CT that fills in the spaces of the body just below the skin
Areolar CT
Progenitor cells for preadipocytes
Mesenchymal stem cells
Macrophages are sometimes referred to as what?
histiocytes
what are the precursos cells of macrophages?
monocytes
What is an important part of the role played by macrophages during maintenance and renewal of strong extracellular fibers in connective tissue?
Presentation of antigens imp for collagen bundle assembly
APCs
Fibroblast = active; ____ = quiescent
Fibrocyte
These cells are responsible for anaphylactic sensitivity reactions
Mast cells
What do you call the gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord that has the highest concentration of mesenchymal cells (stem cells)
Wharton’s jelly
Resident Macrophages in the bone
Osteoclasts
Sulfated GAGs are important constituents of what extracellular structures?
Proteoglycans
tough durable form of supporting connective tissue characterized by an ECM w/ high conc. of GAGs and proteoglycans
ECM has firm consistency that allows the tissue 2 bear mechanical stress
Cartilage
Adipocytes are spherical = isolated; ? = when closely packed in orig place
polyhedral
Type of collagen present in the endomysium, smooth muscles, liver, spleen, kidneys, and the lungs?
Type III collagen
what are the types of fibers based on its collagen type?
- Type I collagen - Collagen
- Type II - Elastic Fiber
- Type III - Reticular Fiber
Types of collagen accdg to r interacting
α-chains subunits:
- Fibrillar - Types I, II, III, V
- Network/Sheet-forming - IV
- Linking/Anchoring - VII
Identify the CT
It’s classification is dependent on the number of mitochondria that appear as locules in the cell
Adipose CT
What do you call the water in the cround substance of connective tissue?
Interstitial fluid
Which of the following connective tissue components is located in the ECM but not in the ground substance?
a. Collagen bundles
b. Fibronectin
c. GAGs
d. Hyaluronan
e. Proteoglycans
a. collagen bundles
WBC that is bilobed with red to orange granules
Eosinophils
the color of adipose is dependent on the number of?
mitochondria
a differentiation of the mesenchymal cell that is considered the mother of all blood elements
hemocytoblast
or hematopoietic stem cell
In adults, this cartilage type is located in the articular surfaces of movable joints
hyaline
Identify the CT
nose
Hyaline
identify the CT
larynx
hyaline
Identify the CT
Bronchi
hyaline
In the embryo, this cartilage forms the temporary skeleton that is gradually replaced by bone
hyaline cartilage
Cartilage that is characterized as homogeneous with type II collagen and aggrecan
hyaline cartilage
typical arrangement of chondrocytes in this cartilage is isolated or in small isogenous groups
hyaline cartilage
typical arrangement of chondrocytes in this cartilage is usually in small isogenous groups
elastic cartilage
typical arrangement of chondrocytes in this cartilage is isolated or in isogenous groups arranged axially
Fibrocartilage
Cartilage in intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
Cartlage in the respiratory tract
hyaline cartilage
Cartilage in external ear
Elastic cartilage
Cartilage in epiglottis
Elastic cartilage
Cartiage found in pubc symphysis
Fibrocartilage
This cartilage provides smooth, low-friction surfaces in joints; structural support for respiratory tract
Hyaline
This cartilage provides flexible shape and support to soft tissues
Elastic cartilage
cartilage that provides cushioning, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression
fibrocartilage
what is the most abundant proteoglycan in hyaline cartilage?
Aggrecan
Water bound to GAGs in the proteoglycans consitutes up to how many of the weight of fresh hyaline cartilage?
60-80%
Glycoprotein of the cartilage matrix that binds specifically to GAGs, collagen, and integrins
chondrocytes to ECM binding/adherence
Chondronectin
these young cells have an elliptic shape with long axes parallel to the surface of the periphery of the cartilage
Chondroblasts
the outer region of perichondrium consists of what?
Type I collagen fibers and fibroblasts
inner region of perichondrium adjoining the cartilage matrix consists of what?
Mesenchymal stem cells
MSCs differentiate into chondroblasts -> divide & diff into chondrocytes
Similar to hyalinne cartilage except that it contains an abundant network of elastic fibers
Elastic cartilage
this type of cartilage is a mixture of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue
fibrocartilage
Cartilage forms from mesoderm layer in a process called?
Chondrogenesis
This growth is growth in length and involves mitotic division of preexisting chondrocytes
Interstitial growth
This growth increases width of cartilage and involves chondroblast differentiation from progenitor cells in the perichondrium
Appositional growth
what do you call the condition that commonly occurs during aging that involvs the gradual loss or changed physical properties of hyaline cartilage
hyaline cartilage to dense connective tissue due to wear-and-tear
osteoarthritis
The molecular basis for the shock absorbing properties of cartilage involves which of the following?
a. Electrostatic interaction of proteoglycans with type IV collagen
b. Ability of glycosaminoglycans to bind anions
c. Noncovalent binding of glycosaminoglycans to protein cores
d. Sialic acid residues in the glycoproteins
e. Hydration of glycosaminoglycans
Hydration of glycosaminoglycans
nagiging water kasi eh may 60-80% weight hehe
What distinguishes cartilage from most other connective tissues?
a. Its extracellular matrix is rich in collagen.
b. Its predominant cell type is a mesenchymal derivative.
c. Its predominant cell type secretes both fibers and proteoglycans.
d. It lacks blood vessels.
e. It functions in mechanical support.
lacking in blood vessels (avascular)
Which feature is typical of elastic cartilage?
a. Primary skeletal tissue in the fetus
b. No identifiable perichondrium
c. Found in intervertebral discs
d. Most widely distributed cartilage type in the body
e. Collagen is mainly type II
Collagen is mainly type II
Which area in cartilage is relatively collagen-poor and proteoglycan-rich?
a. Fibrocartilage
b. Territorial matrix
c. Epiphyseal plate
d. Interterritorial matrix
e. Perichondrium
Territorial Matrix
What is the source of the mesenchymal progenitor cells activated for the repair of hyaline cartilage of accident-damaged costal cartilages?
Perichondrium
How does articular cartilage differ from most/other hyaline cartilage?
absence of perichondrium
Which step occurs first in chondrogenesis?
a. Appositional growth
b. Conversion of chondroblasts to chondrocytes
c. Formation of mesenchymal condensations
d. Interstitial growth
e. Secretion of collagen-rich and proteoglycan-rich matrix
Formation of mesenchymal condensations
osteoarthritis is characterized by the progressive erosion of articular cartilage. The matrix metalloproteinases involved in this erosion primarily act on which matrix component?
a. Aggrecan
b. Link proteins
c. Network-forming collagen
d. Fibril-forming collagen
e. Chondronectin
Fibril-forming collagen
bone cells originating from the mesenchymal stem cells that produce tye I collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteinns
Osteoblasts
This is an unmineralized bone tissue and is a key structure in the development of mature mineralized bone
Osteoid
what is formed in the first visible step in calcification?
hydroxyapatite crystals
very large, motile cells with multiple nuclei that are essential for matrix resorption during bone growth and remodeling
osteoclasts
where did osteoclasts originate?
marrow-derived monocytes
hematopoeietic in origin; not from osteoblasts; osteoprogenitor, if u will
Tiny depressions, pits, or irregular grooves in bone that is being resorbed by osteoclasts.
resorption lacuna or howship lacuna
a bone-anchored adhesion structure between the bone and the osteoclasts. This demarcates (sets the border) of the area of bone resorption from the rest of the environment.
sealing zone
The border of the lower part of an osteoclast exhibits finger-like processes due to the presence of deep infoldings of the cell membrane called?
ruffled border
A disease in which osteoclasts lack ruffled borders and bone resorption is defective
resuts in overgrowth and thickening of bones
osteopetrosis
how much of the dry weight of bone is inorg matts?
calcium hydroxyapatite sodium, magnesium, potassium
about 50%
what type of collagen is present in bone?
type I
is bone basophilic or acidophilic
acidophilic
because of high collagen content
what do you call the bundles of periosteal collagen that penetrate bone matrix and bind the periosteum to the bone?
perforating fibers (sharpey fibers)
what do you call the bundles of periosteal collagen that penetrate bone matrix and bind the periosteum to the bone?
perforating fibers (sharpey fibers)
Type of bone that represents 80% of bone mass? what about 20%?
compact (cortical); trabecular (cancellous)
the bulbous end of long bones that is composed of cancellous bone w/ a thin layer of cortical bone is called?
epiphysis
the cylindrical part of a long bone that is almost totally dense compact w/ a thin region of cancellous bone arnd central marrow cavity
diaphysis
this refers to the complex of concentric lamellae that surrounds a central canal that contains small blood vesels, nerves, and endosteum
osteon or haversian system
Scattered among the intact osteons are numerous irregularly shaped groups of parallel lamellae called
interstitial lamellae
nonlamellar and characterized by random disposition of type I collagen fibers and is the first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair
woven bone
osteogenesis in which osteoblasts differetiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid
Intramembranous ossification
ossification in which a preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts which then begin osteoid production
echochondral ossification
this zone is composed of typical hyaline cartilage
zone of reserve (or resting) cartilage
zone wherein cartilage cells divide repeatedly, enlarge and secrete more type II collagen and proteoglycans, and become organized into columns parallel to the long axis of the bone
proliferative zone
this zone contains swollen, termincally differentiated chondrocytes which compress the matrix into aligned spicules
zonee of hypertrophy
in this zone, chondrocytes about to undergo apoptosis release matrix vesicles and osteocalcin to begin matrix calcification by the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals
zone of calcified cartilage
this is the zone where bone tissue first appears
zonee of ossification
This type of CT fills in the spaces of the body just deep to the skin
Loose CT
What do you call the loose CT of mucous membranes?
Lamina propria
this CT is characterized by abundant ground substance and tissue fluid housing the fixed CT cells
Loose CT
other term for adipocytes
lipocytes
what do you call the cells that have granules containing heparin, histamine, and serotonin and is also responsible for anaphylactic sensitivity reactions
Mast cells
what do you call the macromolecule that is identified by repeating disaccharide units (uronic acid & hexosamine)
Glycosaminoglycans
this is the core protein where different GAGs are covalently attached
proteoglycans
what pressure forces water out of the capillary wall
due to the pumping action of the heart
hydrostatic pressure
what pressure draws water back into the capillaries
this is due to plasma proteins
osmotic pressure
this fiber is thinner and its intermediate fibers are made up of elastin and fibrillin
branching fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
elastic fibers
this fiber forms networks of very thin and highly glycolysated fibers
more glycosylated than other types
reticular fibers
most common CT cell that is responsible for the synthesis of fibers and ground substance
fibroblast
CT cell that possesses the characteristics of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells and functions as contractile cells that modify capillary blood flow
smaller than fibroblast & located along capillaries
pericytes
CT cells that arise from myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow and have a central spherical nucleus with cytoplasmic granules termed as primary mediators
Mast cells
Mast cell substance action
Histamine
Vasodilator
Mast cell substance action
Heparin
Anticoagulant; inactivates histamine
Mast cell substance action
ECF
Attractant for eosinophils to the site of inflammation
Mast cell substance action
NCF
attractant for neutrophils to the site of inflammation
Mast cell substance action
Aryl sulfate
Inactivates leukotriene C4
* increase in vascular permeability
Mast cell substance action
Chondroitin sulfate
anti-inflammatory effecct at the chondral and synovial levels
Mast cell substance action
Prostaglandin D2
Vasoconstriction
Mast cell substance action
Bradykinins
vascular permeability and pain sensation
Mast cell substance action
Thromboxane A2
platelet aggregation
this CT consists of widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jellylike ground substance and is the main constituent of the umbilical cord
Mucous CT
CT found only in embryos with gel-like morphous matrix and star-shaped mesenchymal cells are embedded
Mesenchymal CT
CT that has fewer fibers but more cells and contains all CT components
Loose (Areolar) CT
this CT supports epithelial tissues, forms a layer around blood
vessels and fills the spaces between muscle and nerve fibers
Loose (Areolar) CT
CT found in subcutaneous layer, around organs, and in the yellow marrow of long bones
supports, protects, thermal insulator, and energy reserve
Adipose CT
this CT provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles, and stabilizes relative postions of bones
Dense Reg CT
Identify the CT
capsules of organs
Dense Irreg CT
Identify the CT
Pericardium
Dense Irreg CT
Identify the CT
Perichondrium
Dense Irreg CT
Identify the CT
Periosteum
Dense Irreg CT
Identify the CT
Seen in the lamina propria of the villi of the small intestine and in some lymphoid organs
Adenoid (Lymphoid) CT
may be be diffuse or dense
this hormone facilitates or maintains the growth of cartilage
somatotropin
growth that results from the cell dividsion of pre-existing chondrocytes
Interstitial growth
growth results from the differentiation of chondrogenic cells in the perichondrium
chondrogenic cells = mesenchymal stem cells
Appositional growth
arthritis wherein the immune system attacks the joint including the cartilage, bone, and synovial membrane
rheumatoid arthritis
cartilage that is yellowish in color and is less prone to degeneration than hyaline
elastic cartilage
volume of blood in an average human adult
5 Liters
In a blood sample this is the 55% of total blood volume? what about the 45%?
Plasma; Cellular components
How many percent is water in plasma?
91%
How many percent is blood proteins in plasma?
7%
how many percent is the nutrients part in plasma?
2%
plasma protein that preserves osmotic pressure in the vascular system and helps transport some metabolites
albumin
plasma protein that is designated for antibodies
y-globulins
plasma protein that is for transporting metal ions and lipids
A and B globulins
plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during blood clotting
activated by thrombin
fibrinogen
plasma proteins for the innate immune system
complement proteins (C1-C9)
yellowish fluid that is similar to plasma but lacks clotting factors and fibrinogen
serum
what cell is anucleated, biconcave in shape, and is 7.5um in diameter
erythrocyte (RBCs)
life span of RBCs is approximately?
120 days
Oxygen-carrying molecule in erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
What is the surface antigen and antibody present in blood type A?
A antigen; Anti-B
What is the surface antigen and antibody present in blood type O?
Antigen O; Anti-A & Anti-B
What is the surface antigen and antibody present in blood type AB?
Antigens A & B; no antibodies
this is the estimation of volume of packed RBCs per unit volume of blood that is expressed in percentage
Hematocrit
Hematocrit normal value in adult men
40-50%
Hematocrit normal value in adult women
35-45%
Hematocrit normal value in children up to 10 yrs of age
35%
Hematocrit normal value in newborns
45%-60%
Hemoglobin normal values for males
14-17.5 g/dL
Hemogblobin normal values for women
12.3-15.3 g/dL
normal red cell count for males
4.5-5.9 x10^6/uL
normal red cell count for females
4.5-5.1 x10^6/uL
normal white cell count
4.4-11 x103/uL
this is what you call the primary granules that stain darkly and present in all WBCs
Azurophilic Granules
this is what u call the secondary granules that is responsible for the staining reactions
specific granules
leukocyte that is responsible for bacterial defense through phagocytosis and release of specific granules for oxidative killing
Neutrophils
Neutrophils compose ___ % of WBCs
60-70%
Eosinophils compose ___ % of WBCs
2-4%
Leukocyte that is bilobed with red-orange cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophils
Leukocyte that has a cytotoxic effect on parasites and is for allergic reactions
phagocytizes Ag-Ab complexes & lessens inflammatory reactions
Eosinophils
this is the protein in the oval specific granules of eosinophils
Major Basic Protein (MBP)
Proteoglycan 2
Leukocyte that has cytoplasmic granules that stain blue to purple or metachromatically and has 2 or more irregular lobes
Basophils
this leukocyte is least seen in blood smears and has IgE bound on the surface
Basophils
leukocyte with large off-centered nucleus that is kidney/U-shaped
opaque; gray-blue cytoplasm; agranulocyte
Monocytes
Normal range (%) for lymphocytes
20-40%
Normal range (%) for monocytes
2-8%
pero 2-10% sa ppt
Normal range (%) for eosinophils
1-4%
2-4% sa ppt hehehe
Normal range (%) for basophils
0.5-1%
blood element that is anucleated and a disk-like cell fragment
thrombocytes
cells in hematopoiesis that self-renews and undergo enormous proliferation; can differentiate into multiple cell lineages
stem cells
cells in hematopoiesis that have reduced potentiality and are committed to a single cell lineage
progenitor cells
cells in hematopoiesis that are in each lineage that display distinnct morphological characteristics; from progenitor cells
precursor cells
site of hematopoiesis is where?
red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow is adipocyte-filled
basic unit of bone
osteon
basic unit of bone
osteon
protein for bone mineralization
osteocalcin
protein that is intended for sealing zone of bones
osteopontin
protein that binds calcium in the bone
osteonectin
what vitamin is necessary for calcium absorption in the small intestines
Vitamin D
Deficiency in what vitamin causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults?
Vitamin D
Deficiency in what vitamin inhibits proper bone formation and growth?
excess accelerates ossification of the epiphyseal plates
Vitamin A
Deficiency in what vitamin results in scurvy which is characterized by poor bone growth and inadequate fracture repair
required for collagen formation
Vitamin C
this disease is characterized by low bone mass (low bone mineral density)
osteoporosis
this disease is characterized by very thick bones in the extremities and facial skeleton which is caused by an excess in PGH-somatropin
PGH = placental growth hormone
Acrogemaly
