Female Repro Flashcards
what do you call the first menses wherein the reproductive system undergoes monthly changes in structure and function?
menarche
what do you call the stage wherein the ovaries completely stop producing reproductive hormones?
cyclic changes become irregular and eventually disappear
Menopause
what do you call the simple cuboidal epithelium of the ovary that is continuous with the mesothelium and overlying a layer of dense connective tissue capsule?
surface (germinal) epithelium
what do you call the dense connective tissue capsule of the ovary similar to the testis?
tunica albuginea
what do you call the ovary layer which is a region with a stroma of highly cellular connective tissue and many ovarian follicles?
cortex
what do you call the most internal part of the ovary which contains loose CT and blood vessels entering the organ through the hilum?
medulla
what do you call the cells that undergo mitosis to produce oogonia?
primordial germ cells
the first meiosis of the oogonia is arrested and will continue later on during puberty, what do you call the cells in arrest?
nagstop sa prophase 1
primary oocyte
this happens b4 birth ha
An ____ consists of an oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of epithelial cells within a basal lamina.
ovarian follicle
what do you call the follicles formed during fetal life?
or primary oocyte enveloped by a single layer of flat follicular cells
primordial follicles
Prompted by FSH, oocyte differentiation includes formation of secretory granules called what? these lie just inside an oocyte’s plasma membrane, undergo exocytosis early in fertilization and contains proteases
cortical granules
Follicular cells undergo mitosis and form a simple cuboidal epithelium around the growing oocyte. The follicle is now called?
unilaminar primary follicle
Note: Follicular cells surround the primordial follicle and are not primordial follicles themselves. Primordial follicles = primary oocyte + single layer of flattened follicular cells
what do you call the stratified follicular epithelium in which cells communicate through gap junctions? what do you call the cells in this epithelium?
this epithelium is present after follicular cells continue to proliferate
granulosa; granulosa cells
what do you call the follicle that is being surrounded by granulosa cells?
this is what u call the follicle after follicular cells proliferete
multilaminar primary follicle
this is still avascular and surrounded by a basement membrane
what do you call the extracellular material that accumulates in between the primary oocyte and the growing primary follicle?
zona pellucida
where in the primary follicle can you find ZP3 and ZP4 components which are important sperm receptors binding specific proteins on the sperm surface and inducing acrosomal activation?
zona pellucida
what do you call the condition wherein growing primary follicles become enlarged and filled with numeroud cysts and an anovulatory state (no follicles completing maturation successfully)?
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
this is a common cause of infertility in women
stromal cells immediately outside growing primary follicle differentiate to form the ____ which is divided into two distinct tissues that surround the primary follicle.
theca or follicular theca
what is the identifiable difference between a primordial follicle and a unilaminar primary follicle?
- primordial follicle = flattened follicular cells arnd follicle (meaning squamous epithelium siya)
- unilaminar primary follicle = simple cuboidal epithelium arnd follicle
what do you call the theca that is well-vascularized with typical steroid-producing cells secreting androstenedione?
theca interna
what do you call the molecule that diffuses into the follicle through the basement membrane and is converted by granulosa cells through an enzyme called aromatase?
androstenedione
what do you call the estrogen that returns to the theca and stroma around the follicle from the granulosa cells and will be distributed throughout the body, inducing the changes characteristic of puberty?
this came from androstenedione and is converted by granulosa cells through aromatase
estradiol
what are the two distinct tissues or types of theca that surrounds the follicle?
- theca externa
- theca interna
this is the theca with fibroblasts and smooth muscle merges gradually with the surrounding stroma
theca externa
As the primary follicles grow, they move deeper in the ovarian cortex. Within such follicles small spaces appear between the granulosa layers as the cells secrete ____
follicular fluid
what do you call the follicular fluid accumulation wherein the granulosa cells reorganize themselves surrounding this accumulation?
antrum
Follicular fluid accumulates, the spaces enlarge and gradually coalesce, and the granulosa cells reorganize themselves around a larger cavity called the antrum, producing follicles now called ____ or antral follicles.
secondary follicles
pwede ring antral follicles since may antrum na na formed
so, a follicle may only be classified as a secondary follicle if an antrum is present
As the antrum develops, the granulosa cells around the oocyte form a small hillock, the ____, which protrudes into the antrum
cumulus oophorus
what do you call the tightly adherent granulosa cells surrounding the zona pellucida and accompany the oocyte when it leaves the ovary at ovulation?
corona radiata
what do you call the follicle that contains a single large antrum?
Graafian follicle or mature follicle
A ____ has thick thecal layers and normally develops from a primordial follicle over a period of about 90 days
mature follicle
what do you call the degenerative process that most ovarian follicles undergo?
atresia
this is the process wherein follicular cells and oocytes undergo apoptosis and removal by phagocytic cells
atresia
True or False
Follicles at any stage of development may become atretic
True
The ____ usually reaches the most developed stage of follicular growth and undergoes ovulation, while the other primary and antral follicles undergo atresia
dominant follicle
Although their oocytes are never directly used, the large growing follicles each month produce much estrogen before becoming atretic. As described later, this estrogen stimulates preparation of the reproductive tract to transport and sustain the embryo if the oocyte from the dominant follicle is fertilized
____ is the hormone-stimulated process by which the ocyte is released from the ovary
Ovulation
Ovulation normally occurs midway through the menstrual cycle, that is, around the ____ day of a typical 28-day cycle.
14th day
What are the products of meiosis I of the oocyte which is finished just before ovulation?
- Secondary oocyte
- First polar body
The product of meiosis I wherein this retains all of the cytoplasm of the primary oocyte.
Secondary oocyte
What do you call the nonviable cell containing a nucleus and a minimal amount of cytoplasm that is a product of meiosis I of the primary oocyte?
first polar body
At what phase/stage of meiosis will the primary oocyte stop/pause before continuing it during puberty?
Prophase I
Primary oocytes start meiosis but are arrested in prophase I. During puberty, primordial follicles now mature into primary follicles then secondary then graafian then ovulation then corpus luteum then corpus albicans then so on & so forth
What will happen to the secondary oocyte after ovulation?
release of 2ndary oocyte from the ovary
2ndary oocyte will start meiosis II
As mentioned before, follicular development depends on____ from pituitary gonadotrophs, whose secretion is stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
After ovulation, the granulosa cells and theca interna of the ovulated follicle reorganize to form a larger temporary endocrine gland, called the ____
corpus luteum
In the formation of corpus luteum, granulosa cells greatly increase in size without dividing and eventually they comprise 80% of the corpus luteum and are now called as?
granulosa lutein cells
the former theca interna forms the rest of the corpus luteum and they are now called as?
theca lutein cells
what do you call the tubes associated with each ovary that opens to the peritoneal cavity near each ovary and receive the secondary oocyte?
uterine, fallopian tubes or oviducts
the first portion of the oviduct that is characterized as a funnel-shaped opening fringed with fingerlike extensions next to the ovary
infundibulum
what do you call the fingerlike extensions of the infundibulum of the oviduct?
fimbriae
the longest and expanded region of the oviduct where fertilization normally occurs is also known as?
ampulla
what do you call the narrow portion of the oviduct that is nearer the uterus and the portion after the ampulla?
isthmus
The part of the oviduct that passes through the wall of the uterus and opens into its interior is called?
uterine or intramural part
Oviduct layers?
- Tunica serosa
- Tunica muscularis
- Tunica mucosa
the branching of the mucosa of the oviduct is most prominent in what region?
ampulla
the mucosal folds become smaller in the regions closer to the uterus and are absent in the intramural portion of the oviduct
Along its entire length, the mucosa of the oviduct is lined by ____ epithelium on a lamina propria of loose connective
simple columnar epithelium
what are the two types of cells in the epithelium of the oviduct?
- Ciliated cells
- Secretory peg cells
- Ciliated cells = sweep fluid toward d uterus thru ciliary mvmnts
- Secretory peg cells = nonciliated & often darker staining; secretes glycoproteins of a nutritive mucus film that covers the epithelium
what do you call the cells of the oviduct that secrete glycoproteins of a nutritive mucus film that covers the epithelium?
Secretory peg cells
what do you call the secretion in the lining of the tunica mucosa of the oviduct that activate sperm and make them able to fertilize an oocyte?
capacitation factors
what do u call d union of female and male gametes?
duh
fertilization
where does fertilization usually occur?
in the ampulla of the oviduct
what do you call the process that sperm undergoes in the female repro tract in order to be capable of fertilization?
capacitation
upon contact, what does the sperm undergo and is characterized by hyaluronidase released by exocytosis at multiple locations around the sperm head?
this allows sperm to move more easily to the zona pellucida
acrosomal reaction
Specific proteins on the sperm surface bind the receptors ZP3 and ZP4, activating the protease ____ on the acrosomal membrane to degrade the zona pellucida locally.
acrosin
kakapit sila sperm protein sa zp3 zp4 para maactivate acrosin which in turn results in zona pellucida degradation
after the first sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, a cortical reaction quickly spreads like a wave across the entire surface of the oocyte and the zona pellucida is converted to what?
cortical rxn is ugh sperm fusion w/ oocyte plasmalemma to trigger Ca2+ release then itll trigger nga this thing para inde na makapasok ibang sperm
perivitelline barrier
this barrier constitutes a permanent block to polyspermy
The nucleus of the secondary oocyte immediately completes meiosis II, producing a ____ and the female pronucleus of the haploid ____.
2nd polar body; ovum
The haploid nucleus of the single penetrating sperm head undergoes decondensation, becoming the male ____.
pronucleus
Fusion of the two pronuclei yields the new diploid cell, the ____.
zygote
what do you call the organ in which the oviducts open to?
it is a pear-shaped organ with thick, muscular walls.
Uterus
what do you call the paired ducts that catch the ovulated secondary oocyte, nourish both oocyte & sperm, provide the microenvironment for fertilizatiion, and transport the embryo undergoing cleavage to the uterus?
Oviducts
what do u call the largest part of the uterus?
body
what do you call the part of the uterus that is superior to the area between the tubes?
fundus
what do u calll the narrowing of the uterus? what abt its end cylindrical structure?
isthmus; cervix
lumen of the cervix?
cervical canal
what do u call the two constricted openings of the cervical canal?
- Internal os
- External os
taas & baba lang siya ng cervical canal. one (internal) is d opening otw uterus while d other one (external) is d opening towards the vagina, thus, external ksi palabas
3 layers of the uterus?
- perimetrium (serosa)
- myometrium (muscularis)
- endometrium (mucosa)
thickest layer of the uterus?
myometrium
or tunica muscularis
what are the two concentric zones of the endometrium?
- basal layer
- functional layer
epithelial lining of the endometrium?
simple columnar epith
zone of the endometrium that is adjacent to the myometrium & has more highly cellular lamina propria & also contains the basal ends of the uterine glands
basal layer
this is the zone of the endometrium that has a spongier lamina propria, richer in ground substance, and includes most of the glands + surface epith
functional layer
what arteries only supply the basal layer of the endometrium?
straight arteries
what arteries are progesterone-sensitive and extend farther and bring blood throughout the functional layer of the endometrium?
spiral arteries
what do u call the first phase of the menstrual cycle wherein there is discharge of the degenerating endometrium mixed w/ blood?
menstrual phase
this last for 3-4 days on average
this is the phase after the menstrual phase and it coincides witht he rapid growth of ovarian follicles to vesicular follicles (graafian)
proliferative phase
also called follicular or estrogenic phase
With development of their thecae ____, these follicles actively secrete estrogen and increase its plasma concentrations
interna
what hormone acts on the endometrium, inducing regeneration of the functional layer lost during the menstruation?
estrogen
After ovulation, the ____ phase starts as a result of the progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum
secretory or luteal
what hormone stimulates the epithelial cells of the uterine glands that formed during the proliferative phase?
progesterone
in what phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium reach its maximum thickness?
secretory or luteal phase
what happens to the functional layer of the endometrium once progesterone levels go down?
shed
byebye functional layer kumbaga then start new cycle
what do you call the cells that underwent mitotic cleavages from the zygote as it moves towards the uterus?
blastomeres
what do u call the compact aggregate of blastomeres
solid mass of blastomeres with mulberry appearance
morula
this develops once the blastomeres form a central cavity in the morula and then arrange themselves in a peripheral layer
blastocyst
from blastomeres in the morula, blastocyst development/growth happens once gumawa sila ng cavity smth sa gitna ng morula. this cavity is fluid-filled btw
the peripheral layer of blastomeres around the cavity of the morula? what about the few cells inside this layer?
trophoblast; embryoblast (or inner cell mass)
____, or ____, involves attachment of the blastocyst to the surface epithelial cells of the endometrium and its proteolytic penetration through this epithelium into the underlying stroma, a process lasting about 3 days.
Implantation or nidation
____, or ____, involves attachment of the blastocyst to the surface epithelial cells of the endometrium and its proteolytic penetration through this epithelium into the underlying stroma, a process lasting about 3 days.
Implantation or nidation
the cells of the embryoblast rearrange themselves into two new cavities, what are they?
- amnion
- yolk sac
what do you call the cells that line the amnion and the yolk sac wherein these cavitites make contact w/ each other?
bilaminar embryonic disc
two layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc and in what cavity are they continuous w/?
- epiblast - continuous w/ amnion
- hypoblast - continuous w/ the yolk sac
as the embryo is implanted in the uterus, the trophoblast differentiates into what layers?
- cytotrophoblast
- syncytiotrophoblasts
this layer of the trophoblast upon implantation is a layer of mitotically active cells immediately around the amnion and the yolk sac?
cytotrophoblast
just remember n cyto = cell & this layer immediately surrounds the cell (embryo mismo)
what do you call the more superficial layer of the trophoblast upon implantation that is a nonmitotic mass of multinucleated cytoplasm that invades the surrounding stroma?
syncytiotrophoblast
siya eong nasa labas ng cytotrophoblast
what do you call the fibroblasts in the endometrium after implantation wherein they are now enlarged, polygonal, and are more active in protein synthesis?
decidual cells
after implantation, the whole endometrium is now called as?
decidua
what are the three regions of the decidua?
- decidua basalis
- decidua capsularis
- decidua parietalis
the decidua region defined as the area between the implanted embryo and the myometrium
decidua basalis
the decidua region between the embryo and the uterine lumen that thins as the embryo gets larger
decidua capsularis
this decidua region is on the side of the uterus away from the embryo
decidua parietalis
The ____ is the site of exchange for nutrients, wastes, O2 and CO2 between the mother and the fetus and contains tissues from both individuals.
placenta
the embryonic part of the placenta is called what?
this is derived from the trophoblast
chorion
where is the maternal part of the placenta derived?
decidua basalis
3 stages of chorionic villi
- Prim
- 2ndary
- Tert
all of these just vary based on implantation time.
- Primary villi - appear 2 days after implantation
- Secondary villi - 15th day of embryonic development
- Tertiary villi - develops w/in a few more days after 2ndary
what do u call the lower, cylindrical part of the uterus?
cervix
what do u call the mucosa of the cervix in the internal os & what is its epith lining?
endocervical mucosa; simple columnar epith
epith has mant large, branched, mucus-secreting cervical glands
what do u call the mucosa of the cervix arnd the external os (area slightly superficial s vagina) & what is its epith lining?
exocervical mucosa; nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what do you call the junction just outside the external os wherein the nonkeratinized strat squamous epith & the simple columnar epith meet?
transformation zone
what do u call the female organ of copulation that receives the penis during intercourse?
vagina
what do u call the female organ of copulation that receives the penis during intercourse?
vagina
3 layers of the vagiegie?
- tunica mucosa
- tunica muscularis
- tunica adventitia
epith lining of the vagina?
stratified squamous nonkeratinized
the external female genitalia is collectively known as the?
vulva
what do u call the space in the female external genitalia wherein its wall includes the tubuloacinar vestibular glands?
vestibule
The paired ____ of the female external genitalia consisting of folds of skin lacking hair follicles but with numerous sebaceous glands
labia minora
this is part of the female external genitalia characterized as smth homologous & histologically similar to the skin of the scrotum.
these are lateral to the labia minora; 2 prominent rounded folds of skin
labia majora
what do you call the space wherein the vagina and the urethra both open to?
vestibule
On each side of the vestibule, between the vaginal opening and the labia minora, are openings of what glands?
greater vestibular glands
These glands produce a lubricating fluid that helps maintain the moistness of the vestibule
what do you call the elevation of tissue over the pubic symphysis wherein the two labia majora unite anteriorly?
mons pubis
what do u call the small erectile structure located anteriorly to the margin of the vestibule?
homologous to the penis w/ paired corpora cavernosa
clitoris
each mammary gland consists of how many lobes of the compound tubuloalveolar type whose function is to secrete nutritive milk for newborns?
15-25 lobes
Each lobe of the mammary gland opens into ducts called?
lactiferous ducts
what do you call the skin surrounding and covering the nipple that contains sebacous glands & abundant sensory nerves?
areola
Lactiferous sinuses are lined w/ what type of epith? what abt lactiferous ducts and terminal ducts?
stratified cuboidal; simple cuboidal
Late in pregnancy the glandular alveoli and ducts are dilated by an accumulation of ____, a fluid rich in proteins and containing leukocytes, which is produced under the influence of prolactin.
colostrum
what type of immunoglobulin antibodies are transferred into the colostrum from which passive acquired immunity is conferred on the breast-fed newborn?
Immunoglobulin A
what do you call the active milk production process that the alveoli of the mammary glands start?
lactation
this is stimulated primarily by prolactin
what do you call the active milk production process that the alveoli of the mammary glands start?
lactation
this is stimulated primarily by prolactin
what do you call the active milk production process that the alveoli of the mammary glands start?
lactation
this is stimulated primarily by prolactin
Proteins in milk are synthesized and packaged into secretory vesicles by what type of glandular secretion?
merocrine secretion
Lipids in milks are synthesized in the epithelial cells and undergo what type of glandular secretion?
apocrine secretion
what do you call the major carbohydrate and energy source in milj that is synthesized by the golgi apparatus?
Lactose
Which stage of ovarian follicle development is characterized by an initial period of follicular fluid accumulation?
a. Graafian follicle
b. Mature follicle
c. Primordial follicle
d. Oocyte
e. Secondary follicle
e. Secondary follicle
Which of the following is characteristic of granulosa lutein cells?
a. Are a minor cell type in the corpus luteum
b. Derive from the theca interna
c. Contain abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. Are small and dark-staining
e. Secrete progesterone
e. Secrete progesterone
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for
inducing ovulation?
a. Relaxin
b. LH
c. Progesterone
d. FSH
e. Estrogen
b. LH
Which feature is characteristic of the corpora albicans but not of atretic follicles?
a. May contain degenerating granulosa cells floating in remnants of follicular fluid
b. Resemble large collagenous scars
c. Eventually removed by macrophages and replaced by stroma
d. Are remnants of follicles that degenerate before maturation
e. May contain degenerating oocytes
b. Resemble large collagenous scards
Endometrial glands are typically most fully developed and filled with product during which day(s) or phase of a woman’s menstrual cycle?
a. Menstrual phase
b. Days 1-4
c. The day ovulation occurs
d. Proliferative phase
e. Days 15-28
e. Days 15-28
secretory phase; dapat makapal endometrial b4 mens
Which feature is characteristic of the endometrium’s basal layer but not of its functional layer?
a. Includes the uterine surface epithelium
b. Includes connective tissue
c. Contains cells that replace the surface epithelium after
menstruation
d. Relies solely on spiral arteries for its blood supply
e. Undergoes cyclic thickening and shedding
c. Contains cells that replace the surface epithelium after menstruation
Most lipid in milk is released from cells by which mechanism?
a. Apocrine secretion
b. Paracrine secretion
c. Holocrine secretion
d. Merocrine secretion
e. Autocrine secretion
a. Apocrine secretion
A 33-year-old woman with an average menstrual cycle of 28 days comes in for a routine Pap smear. It has been 35 days since the start of her last menstrual period, and a vaginal smear reveals clumps of basophilic cells. As her physician you suspect which of the following?
a. She will begin menstruating in a few days.
b. She will ovulate within a few days.
c. Her serum progesterone levels will be found to be very low.
d. There will be detectable levels of hCG in her serum and urine.
e. She is undergoing early menopause.
d. THere will be detectable levels of hCG in her serum and urine
A 17-year-old girl with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease presents at the emergency department with severe pain in her lower right side that came on fairly quickly. Upon questioning she replies that her last menstrual period was 6 weeks ago and that she has never missed a period before. The doctor suspects she has an ectopic pregnancy and this is quickly confirmed by ultrasound testing. The surgeon removes her right uterine tube that is inflamed, scarified, and contains the implanted embryonic tissue in the region where fertilization normally occurs. Where is this?
a. The uterine part of the oviduct
b. The ampulla region with highly folded mucosa
c. The only oviduct region attached to the mesosalpinx
d. The infundibulum region with fimbriae
e. The isthmus region
b. The ampulla region with highly folded mucosa
