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Animal biology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Why does the retina contain cones

A

To enable colour vision

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2
Q

Give two ways that the nervous system controls the action of the eye to enable effective sight

A

•Changes the shape of the lens- focus image on the retina
•Controls eye muscles- change direction of vision

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3
Q

Advantages of eye positioning in sheep

A

• Eyes on the side of the head
• A wide angle of vision
•Early detection of danger

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4
Q

Give a function of the iris

A

Controls pupil size

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5
Q

Give a function of the lens

A

Focuses light

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6
Q

Give a function of the retina

A

• Absorbs light
• Detects colour
• Detects movement

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7
Q

Give a function of the cornea

A

• Protection
• Refracts light

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8
Q

Role of the tapetum lucidum

A

Bounces light back to improve night vision in nocturnal animals

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9
Q

Explain how the structure of the tapetum lucidum helps its function

A

• Layer at the back of the eye
• Reflects light
• Provides better light absorption

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10
Q

State two parts of the CNS

A

• Brain
• Spinal cord

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11
Q

Give two functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

• Slows heartbeat
• Homeostasis
• Constricts pupils
• Breathing rate back to normal

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12
Q

State two symptoms and treatments of listeriosis in ruminants

A

• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Lack of coordination
• Salivation
• Circling
• Seizures
Treatments:
-Isolation
-Antibiotics

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13
Q

Explain eye positioning in owls

A

• Front of face and close together - better to focus

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14
Q

State the photoreceptors in the eye

A

• Rods
• Cones

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15
Q

Explain two adaptions that help animals see in the dark

A

• Large eyes - see more clearly
• Slit pupils - easier to constrict
• More rods - react to lower light levels

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16
Q

State a function of the fovea

A

Provides sharp, central vision

17
Q

State a function of the sclera

A

Provide strength, structure and protection

18
Q

Give the name of a hormone released when an animal is stressed

A

Adrenaline / cortisol

19
Q

Describe how organs respond to stimuli

A

• Receptors detect stimuli
• Send impulses to the CNS
• CNS processed the message
• Messages sent to the effector
• Effector generates a response

20
Q

Give two functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A

• Dilates pupils
• Increased heart rate
• Relaxes bladder
• Prepares body for fight or flight

21
Q

Describe vasoconstriction

A

• Happens when an animal is cold
• Blood vessels constrict
• Less blood to the skin
• Reduces heat loss

22
Q

Describe vasodilation

A

• When an animal gets hot
• Blood vessels dilate
• Increased blood flow to the skin
• Cools down

23
Q

State two types of neuron

A

• Sensory
• Motor
• Relay

24
Q

Describe binocular vision

A

• Each eye overlaps - single 3D image
• Eyes at front of face - narrow field of vision
• Better to focus
• Predator animals

25
Q

Describe monocular vision

A

• Each eye works independently
• Eyes at side of head - wider field of vision
• Poor depth perception
• Prey animals

26
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system regulated by?

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

Give causes, symptoms and treatment of degenerative myelopathy

A

• Genetic abnormality in dogs - weakening of myelin sheath
• Symptoms - weakness, difficulty walking, crossed back legs
• Treatment - palative care , eventually euthanised

28
Q

What is a seizure and what are the causes and stages of a seizure?

A

A burst of electrical energy that affects how the brain works
Caused by brain injury, epilepsy, infection, organ failure, temperature
Stages:
1- Aura
2- Ictal
3- Post ictal

29
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

30
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body

Animal biology (9 decks)

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