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Dent Reviewer > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Largest component of the brain; made up of 2 hemispheres

A

Telencephalon/Cerebrum

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2
Q

White matter that connects or separates the left and right hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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3
Q

Outer gray matter of the cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Elevations of the cerebral cortex

A

Gyrus

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5
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus

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6
Q

Primary motor speech area

A

Broca’s area

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7
Q

Primary somato-sensory cortex

A

Postcentral Gyrus

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8
Q

Sensory speech/speech comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

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9
Q

Primary visual cortex is located at what lobe?

A

Occipital Lobe

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10
Q

Postcentral gyrus is found in what lobe?

A

Parietal lobe

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11
Q

Wernicke’s area is found in what lob

A

Temporal lobe

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12
Q

Broca’s area is found in what lobe?

A

Frontal lobe

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13
Q

Precentral Gyrus is found in what lobe?

A

Frontal lobe

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14
Q

Three basic regions of the cerbral hemisphere

A

Cerbral cortex, cerebral white matter and Basal nuclei

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15
Q

These are islands of gray matter in the cerebral cortex which help regulate voluntatry motor activities

A

Basal nuclei

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16
Q

Also called interbrain which sits atop the brain stem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

A

Diencephalon

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17
Q

What are the major structures of the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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18
Q

Relay center of the brain

A

Thalamus

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19
Q

Makes up the floor of the diencephalon. An important autonamic cenger as it plays a role in regulating body temperathre, water balance and metabolism.

A

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

Important pars of the epithalamus are..

A

Pineal gland and choroid plexus

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21
Q

Form the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Choroid plexus

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22
Q

Produces melatonin and regulates sleep

A

Pineal gland

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23
Q

What structures form the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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24
Q

What are tue parts of the metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum and pons varolii

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25
Q

Divided into 2 hemispheres abd for excitatory motor movements and balance

A

Cerebellum

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26
Q

Respiratory center

A

Pons Varolii

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27
Q

What is the semicircular fluid?

A

Fluid in the semicircular canal for balance

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28
Q

Major regulatory center gor vomiting, coughing, swallowing, heart rate and breathing rate

A

Medulla oblongata

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29
Q

Detects chemicals, blood pH, CO2 and O2 changes

A

Central chemoreceptors

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30
Q

Sensitive to acidic pH, high hydrogen, hypercapnia and hypoxia

A

Central chemoreceptors

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31
Q

When the central chemoreceptors are stimulated it activates..

A

Sympathetic effects

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32
Q

Prevents the overinflation of lungs

A

Herring-Breuer reflex

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33
Q

What cranial nerve is reponsible for the Herring-Breuer reflex

A

CN X

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34
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors found?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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35
Q

Where are Peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

In Carotid and Aortic bodies

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36
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Receptors that detect pressure

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37
Q

Group of neuronal Cell bodies inside the CNS

A

Nucleus

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38
Q

Bundle of axons in the CNS

A

Tract

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39
Q

Passage for motor neurons

A

Ventral root of spinal cord

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40
Q

Passage of sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root of spinal cord

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41
Q

What is the cone shape termination of the spinal cord?

A

Conus terminalis

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42
Q

What is the Horsetail-like extensions of spinal nerves below its terminal end?

A

Cauda aquina

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43
Q

Spinal tap is done in what vertebra?

A

Between L3 and L4

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44
Q

Group of beuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

A

Ganglion

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45
Q

Bundles of axon in PNS

A

Nerves

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46
Q

Network of nerves in PNS

A

Plexus

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47
Q

How many pairs do cranial nerves have?

A

12 pairs

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48
Q

How many pairs do spinal nerves have?

A

31 pairs

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49
Q

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

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50
Q

Regulated mainly by Acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic

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51
Q

Regulated mainly by Norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic

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52
Q

Rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

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53
Q

Fight or flight

A

Sympathetic

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54
Q

Stress and emergency situations

A

Sympathetic

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55
Q

Autonomic nervous system which maintains homeostasis

A

Parasympathetic

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56
Q

Cholinergic

A

Parasympathetic

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57
Q

Adrenergic

A

Sympathetic

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58
Q

Anticholinesterase

A

Parasympathetic

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59
Q

Parasympatholytic

A

Sympathetic

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60
Q

Parasympathomimetic

A

Parasympathetic

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61
Q

Eye pupil

A

Sympathetic: Dilation (mydriasis)
Parasympathetic: Constriction (miosis)

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62
Q

Lacrimal glands

A

Sympathetic: Decrease tear
Parasympathetic: Increase tear

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63
Q

Salivary glands

A

Sympathetic: Decrease saliva flow
Parasympathetic: Increase saliva flow

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64
Q

Nasal mucosa

A

Sympathetic: Mucus Decreased
Parasympathetic: Mucus Increased

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65
Q

Lung (bronchi)

A

Sympathetic: bronchodilation
Parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction

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66
Q

Arteries

A

Sympathetic: vasoconstriction
Parasympathetic: vasodilation

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67
Q

Heart

A

Sympathetic: increase chrono and inot
Parasympathetic: decrease chrono and inot

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68
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Sympathetic: secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
Parasympathetic: inhibits

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69
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A

Sympathetic: decrease motility
Parasympathetic: increase motility

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70
Q

Stomach

A

Sympathetic: Decrease HCl secretion
Parasympathetic: Increase HCl secretion

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71
Q

Liver and skeletal muscle

A

Sympathetic: increase Glycogenolysis (glucagon)
Parasympathetic: increase Glycogenesis (insulin)

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72
Q

Pancreas

A

Sympathetic: glucagon production
Parasympathetic: Insulin production

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73
Q

Kidney

A

Sympathetic: Decrease urine output
Parasympathetic: Increase urine output

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74
Q

Bladder

A

Sympathetic: contraction of sphincter
Parasympathetic: Relaxation of sphincter

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75
Q

Sweat glands

A

Sympathetic: Increase sweating
Parasympathetic: no effect

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76
Q

Genitals

A

Sympathetic: Ejaculation and Vaginal contractions
Parasympathetic: Erection of genitals

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77
Q

CN I is what nerve

A

Olfactory nerve

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78
Q

Foramen of exit for CN I

A

Cribriform plate of Ethmoid bone

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79
Q

CN II is what nerve

A

Optic nerve

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80
Q

Foramen of exit for CN II

A

Optic canal

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81
Q

Photopigment of cones

A

Opsin

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82
Q

Contains greatest amount of cones

A

Fovea centralis

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83
Q

Yellowish area near the center of retina that contains fovea centralis

A

Macula lutea

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84
Q

Concentrated in fovea centralis of Macula lutea

A

Cones

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85
Q

Gives black to gray hue in photoreception

A

Rods

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86
Q

Photopigment of rods

A

Rhodopsin

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87
Q

Photoreceptor with that is very sensitive to light

A

Rods

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88
Q

Photoreceptor that has a very high visual acuity

A

Cones

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89
Q

Photoreceptor that is less sensitive to light

A

Cones

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90
Q

Photoreceptor with low visual acuity

A

Rods

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91
Q

Photoreceptor that is concentrated away from fovea centralis

A

Rods

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92
Q

Concentrates the light to the retina

A

Lens

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93
Q

Transparent portion in front of the eye

A

Cornea

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94
Q

Part of the eyes where images are formed

A

Retina

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95
Q

Gives color to the eyes

A

Iris

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96
Q

White portion of the eye

A

Sclera

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97
Q

Constricts and dilates according to the amount of light allowed to enter the eye

A

Pupil

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98
Q

Fluid on the anterior part of the eye

A

Aqueous humor

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99
Q

Fluid on the posterior part of the eye

A

Vitreous humor

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100
Q

Area where no cones or rods are present. “Blind spot”

A

Optic disc

101
Q

Point in retina where optic nerve enters the eye

A

Optic disc

102
Q

What nerve is CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve

103
Q

Foramen of exit for CN III

A

Superior orbital fissure

104
Q

Innervates most extrinsic muscles of the eye and the Parasympathetic innervation of the pupil

A

CN III (Oculomotor Nerve)

105
Q

What nerve is CN IV

A

Trochlear nerve

106
Q

Foramen of exit for CN IV

A

Superior orbital fissure

107
Q

Innervates the superior oblique muscles

A

CN IV (Trochlear nerve)

108
Q

Longest intracranial nerve

A

CN IV (trochlear nerve)

109
Q

Smallest Nerve

A

CN IV (Trochlear nerve)

110
Q

What nerve is CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve

111
Q

Largest cranial nerve

A

CN V (Trigeminal nerve)

112
Q

3 Divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve

A

Opthalmic V1
Maxillary V2
Mandibular V3

113
Q

Foramen of exit for opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

A

Superior orbital fissure

114
Q

Foramen of exit for the Maxillary division of the Trigeminal nerve

A

Foramen rotundum

115
Q

Innervates palate from canine to canine or abterior 1/3 of the palate

A

Nasopalatine nerve

116
Q

The nasopalatine nerve exits from..

A

Incisive foramen

117
Q

Innervates posterior 1/3 of the hard palate

A

Greater palatine nerve

118
Q

GPN exits from the..

A

Greater palatine foramen

119
Q

Innervates the soft palate

A

Lesser palatine nerve

120
Q

The Lesser Palatine Nerve exits from the..

A

Lesser palatine foramen

121
Q

Innervates the soft tissues and teeth of 7,8 and the distobuccal and palatal root of 6

A

PSAN

122
Q

Innervates soft tissue and teeth of 4,5 and mesiobuccal root of 6

A

MSAN

123
Q

Innervates soft tissue and teeth of maxillary canines and incisors

A

ASAN

124
Q

Innervates the lower eyelid, upper lip, part of nasal vestibule, ASAN and MSAN

A

Infraorbital Nerve

125
Q

Foramen of exit for the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

A

Foramen ovale

126
Q

Largest branch of the trigeminal nerve

A

Mandibular branch V3

127
Q

Innervates the buccal mucosa of mandibular molars

A

Long buccal nerve

128
Q

Innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

Lingual nerve

129
Q

Innervates the anterior 2/3 for taste sensation of the tongue

A

CN VII (Facial nerve)

130
Q

Innervates the posterior 1/3 for general function and taste sentation of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

131
Q

Innervates the base of the tongue

A

CN X (Vagus nerve)

132
Q

Terminal branch of IAN

A

Mental nerve

133
Q

Innsrvates the TMJ, Parotid gland and scalp in temporal region

A

Auriculotemporal Nerve

134
Q

What is CN VI

A

Abducens Nerve

135
Q

Foramen of exit for CN VI

A

Superior orbital fissure

136
Q

Imnervates the lateral rectus of the eye

A

CN VI (Abducens nerve)

137
Q

What nerve is CN VII

A

Facial Nerve

138
Q

Foramen of exit for CN VII

A

Stylomastoid foramen

139
Q

Controls scalp muscles around ear

A

Auricular nerve

140
Q

Innervates taste sensation anterior 2/3 or tongue

A

Chorda tympani (Facial nerve)

141
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland

A

Chorda tympani (Facial Nerve)

142
Q

Parasympathefic innervation of the sublingual gland

A

Chorda tympani (Facial Nerve)

143
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

A

Greater petrosal nerve (Facial nerve)

144
Q

Intracranial branches of the Facial nerve

A

Chorda tympani

Greater petrosal nerve

145
Q

Extracranial branches of the facial nerve

A

Auricular nerve
Branch to posterior belly of digastric muscle
Branch to stylohyoid muscle
Branch to parotid gland

146
Q

What nerve is CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

147
Q

Foramen of exit for CN VIII

A

Internal Acoustic meatus

148
Q

Cranial nerve essential for hearing and balance

A

CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)

149
Q

What are the ear ossicles?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

150
Q

Receptor organ for hearing

A

Organ of corti

151
Q

Sensory receptors for hearing

A

Hair cells

152
Q

What nerve is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

153
Q

Foramen of exit for CN IX

A

Jugular foramen

154
Q

What are the pharyngeal plexus

A

CN IX (Glossooharyngeal), CN X (Vagus), CN XI (Accessory)

155
Q

Parasymoathetic innervation of the parotid gland

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)

156
Q

Responsible for gag reflex (sensory)

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)

157
Q

What is CN X?

A

Vagus nerve

158
Q

Longest cranial nerve

A

CN X (Vagus nerve)

159
Q

Responsible for Gag reflex (motor)

A

CN X (Vagus nerve)

160
Q

Responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of heart, herring-bruer reflex of lungs, digestive tract, kidney and liver

A

CN X (Vagus nerve)

161
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve

162
Q

The Spinal accessory nerve enters through the ____ and exits through the ____.

A

Enters the foramen magnum and exits the Jugular foramen

163
Q

Muscles that are innervated by the Spinal Accessory nerve

A

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

164
Q

What nerve is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

165
Q

Foramen of exit for CN XII

A

Hypoglossal canal

166
Q

What cranial nerves are purely sensory in function?

A

CN I, CN II, CN V1, CN V2 and CN VIII

167
Q

What cranial nerves are purely for motor function?

A

CN III, CN IV, CN VI, CN XI, CN XII

168
Q

What cranial nerves have mixed functions?

A

CN V3, CN VII, CN IX and CN X

169
Q

Clotting factor I

A

Fibrinogen

170
Q

Clotting Factor II

A

Proththrombin

171
Q

Clotting factor III

A

Thrombolastin (Tissue Factor)

172
Q

Clotting Factor IV

A

Calcium

173
Q

Clotting Factor V

A

Labile Factor

174
Q

Clotting Factor VII

A

Stable Factor

175
Q

Clotting Factor VIII

A

Antihemophilic Factor

176
Q

Clotting Factor IX

A

Christmas Factor

177
Q

Clotting Factor X

A

Stuart Factor

178
Q

Clotting Factor Xi

A

Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent

179
Q

Clotting factor XII

A

Hagemann Factor

180
Q

Clotting Factor XIII

A

Fibrin Stabilizing Factor

181
Q

Most important clotting factor

A

Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor)

182
Q

Deficient in Hemophilia A

A

Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor)

183
Q

Deficient in hemophilia B

A

Factor IX (Christmas factor)

184
Q

Deficient in Hemophilia C

A

Factor XI (Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent)

185
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Factor XIII (Fibrin Stabilizing Factor)

186
Q

What measures extrinsic pathway?

A

Prothrombin time

187
Q

What measures intrinsic pathway?

A

Partial thromboplastin Time

188
Q

Functional unit of the brain

A

Neuron

189
Q

Aka perikaryon or soma

A

Cell body

190
Q

Yellowish granules found in aging cells; also called wear and tear pigments

A

Lipofuscin/Lipochrome

191
Q

Clusters of Rough ER that looks like granules in light microscope?

A

Nissl Bodies

192
Q

Receives information and brings it towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

193
Q

Propagates nerve impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

194
Q

Joins axon to the cell body

A

Axon hillock

195
Q

Side branches of axon

A

Axon collaterals

196
Q

Outer covering sheath of myelinated axon

A

Neurolemma

197
Q

What is the point from which nerve impulses arise?

A

Trigger zone

198
Q

What is the site of communication of two neurons or between neurons and effector cells

A

Synapse

199
Q

What part of the brain can you find specialized neurons calles purkinje cells?

A

Cerebellum

200
Q

What part of the brain cna you find the specialized neurons called pyramid cells?

A

Cerebrum

201
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sensory neurons

202
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Motor neurons

203
Q

Connects afferent and efferent neurons; integrates informations from sensory neurons

A

Interneurons

204
Q

Supporting cells of the nervous system

A

Neuroglia

205
Q

Largest and most numerous cells in the cns. Found near blood vessels

A

Astrocytes

206
Q

Forms myelin sheath in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

207
Q

Phagocytes of the CNS

A

Microglia

208
Q

Cells lining in the ventricles of the brain; produces the CSF

A

Ependymal cells

209
Q

Group of ependymal cells are called?

A

Choroid plexus

210
Q

Anatomic part of brain ehich produces CSF are called?

A

Ventricles

211
Q

Temporary storage site of CSF

A

Subarachnoid space

212
Q

Glands of luschka are found in?

A

Gallbladder

213
Q

What structure reabsorbs CSF?

A

Arachnoid Villi

214
Q

What is the functions of CSF?

A

Shock absorber and nourishment

215
Q

What are the gaps in myelin sheath

A

Nodes of ranvier

216
Q

What type of nerve conduction is seen on myelinated axons?

A

Saltatory nerve conduction

217
Q

Type of conduction in unmyelinated axons?

A

Continuous conduction

218
Q

Largest ventricle of the brain

A

Lateral ventricles

219
Q

What Le fort fracture is most common to produce CSF Rhinorrhea?

A

Le fort III

220
Q

Forms the nyelinsheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells

221
Q

Provide structural support in the PNS

A

Satellite cells

222
Q

Reversible damage; without wallerian degeneration

A

Neurapraxia

223
Q

Myelinsheath and axon is damaged due to stretching of nerve and bone fractures; cna regenerate weeks to years

A

Axonotmesis

224
Q

Most severe; all layers of nerve are damaged due to laceration with walerian degeneration and is irreversible.

A

Neuronotmesis

225
Q

Largest and the fasterst nerve fiber; sensitive to Pain, Touch and Pressure

A

A fibers

226
Q

Type of nerve fiber which are sensitive to sensatikns from viscera

A

B fibers

227
Q

Smallest and slowest nerve fiber; sensitive to pain and temperature

A

C fibers

228
Q

Excessive dopamine and serotonin

A

Schizophrenia

229
Q

Reduced dopamine

A

Parkinsonism

230
Q

Brian dmaage at birth (most common cause); Abnormal synchronous electrical discharge from neurons

A

Epilepsy

231
Q

Malignant tunor of the adrenal glands co sisting of immature nerve cells; common in children

A

Neuroblastoma

232
Q

Destruction of myelin sheath in CNS by autoimmune cells resulting to plaque

A

Multiple sclerosis

233
Q

Destruction of myelin sheath in PNS by autoimmune cells that may result to paralysis

A

Guillan-Bare syndrome (GBS)

234
Q

Degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord resulting to muscle weakness and muscle atrophy

A

Amyotropic Lateral sclerosis

235
Q

Loss of hearing due to aging

A

Presbycusis

236
Q

Loss of visual acuity due to aging

A

Presbyopia

237
Q

Reduced salivary production

A

Aptyalia

238
Q

Dry mouth

A

Xerostomia

239
Q

Difficulty in swallowing

A

Dysphagia

240
Q

Absence of muscle coordination

A

Ataxia

241
Q

Inability to speak and comprehend words

A

Aphasia

242
Q

Sharp pain due to dmaaged CN V

A

Tic douloureux

243
Q

Damage to CN VII

A

Bell’s Palsy

244
Q

Wandering eye; damaged CN VIII

A

Nystagmus

245
Q

Double vision; dmaage to CN IV

A

Diplopia

246
Q

Abnormal fixation of eyes; dmaage to CN IV, III and VI

A

Strabismus

247
Q

Dizziness; rotating environment; damage to CN VIII

A

Vertigo

248
Q

Ringing of the ear; damage to CN VIII

A

Tinnitus

249
Q

Loss of taste sensation; dmaage to CN VII, IX, X

A

Ageusia

Dent Reviewer (8 decks)

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