Nervous System Flashcards by John Carlo Malagapo

Largest component of the brain; made up of 2 hemispheres

Telencephalon/Cerebrum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

White matter that connects or separates the left and right hemispheres

Corpus callosum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Outer gray matter of the cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Elevations of the cerebral cortex

Gyrus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary motor cortex

Precentral gyrus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary motor speech area

Broca’s area

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary somato-sensory cortex

Postcentral Gyrus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sensory speech/speech comprehension

Wernicke’s area

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary visual cortex is located at what lobe?

Occipital Lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Postcentral gyrus is found in what lobe?

Parietal lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Wernicke’s area is found in what lob

Temporal lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Broca’s area is found in what lobe?

Frontal lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Precentral Gyrus is found in what lobe?

Frontal lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three basic regions of the cerbral hemisphere

Cerbral cortex, cerebral white matter and Basal nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These are islands of gray matter in the cerebral cortex which help regulate voluntatry motor activities

Basal nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Also called interbrain which sits atop the brain stem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the major structures of the Diencephalon?

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Relay center of the brain

Thalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Makes up the floor of the diencephalon. An important autonamic cenger as it plays a role in regulating body temperathre, water balance and metabolism.

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Important pars of the epithalamus are..

Pineal gland and choroid plexus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Form the cerebrospinal fluid

Choroid plexus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Produces melatonin and regulates sleep

Pineal gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structures form the brain stem

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are tue parts of the metencephalon?

Cerebellum and pons varolii

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Divided into 2 hemispheres abd for excitatory motor movements and balance

Cerebellum

Respiratory center

Pons Varolii

What is the semicircular fluid?

Fluid in the semicircular canal for balance

Major regulatory center gor vomiting, coughing, swallowing, heart rate and breathing rate

Medulla oblongata

Detects chemicals, blood pH, CO2 and O2 changes

Central chemoreceptors

Sensitive to acidic pH, high hydrogen, hypercapnia and hypoxia

Central chemoreceptors

When the central chemoreceptors are stimulated it activates..

Sympathetic effects

Prevents the overinflation of lungs

Herring-Breuer reflex

What cranial nerve is reponsible for the Herring-Breuer reflex

CN X

Where are the central chemoreceptors found?

Medulla Oblongata

Where are Peripheral chemoreceptors found?

In Carotid and Aortic bodies

What are baroreceptors?

Receptors that detect pressure

Group of neuronal Cell bodies inside the CNS

Nucleus

Bundle of axons in the CNS

Tract

Passage for motor neurons

Ventral root of spinal cord

Passage of sensory neurons

Dorsal root of spinal cord

What is the cone shape termination of the spinal cord?

Conus terminalis

What is the Horsetail-like extensions of spinal nerves below its terminal end?

Cauda aquina

Spinal tap is done in what vertebra?

Between L3 and L4

Group of beuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

Ganglion

Bundles of axon in PNS

Nerves

Network of nerves in PNS

Plexus

How many pairs do cranial nerves have?

12 pairs

How many pairs do spinal nerves have?

31 pairs

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

Regulated mainly by Acetylcholine

Parasympathetic

Regulated mainly by Norepinephrine

Sympathetic

Rest and digest

Parasympathetic

Fight or flight

Sympathetic

Stress and emergency situations

Sympathetic

Autonomic nervous system which maintains homeostasis

Parasympathetic

Cholinergic

Parasympathetic

Adrenergic

Sympathetic

Anticholinesterase

Parasympathetic

Parasympatholytic

Sympathetic

Parasympathomimetic

Parasympathetic

Eye pupil

Sympathetic: Dilation (mydriasis) Parasympathetic: Constriction (miosis)

Lacrimal glands

Sympathetic: Decrease tear Parasympathetic: Increase tear

Salivary glands

Sympathetic: Decrease saliva flow Parasympathetic: Increase saliva flow

Nasal mucosa

Sympathetic: Mucus Decreased Parasympathetic: Mucus Increased

Lung (bronchi)

Sympathetic: bronchodilation Parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction

Arteries

Sympathetic: vasoconstriction Parasympathetic: vasodilation

Heart

Sympathetic: increase chrono and inot Parasympathetic: decrease chrono and inot

Adrenal Glands

Sympathetic: secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine Parasympathetic: inhibits

Gastrointestinal tract

Sympathetic: decrease motility Parasympathetic: increase motility

Stomach

Sympathetic: Decrease HCl secretion Parasympathetic: Increase HCl secretion

Liver and skeletal muscle

Sympathetic: increase Glycogenolysis (glucagon) Parasympathetic: increase Glycogenesis (insulin)

Pancreas

Sympathetic: glucagon production Parasympathetic: Insulin production

Kidney

Sympathetic: Decrease urine output Parasympathetic: Increase urine output

Bladder

Sympathetic: contraction of sphincter Parasympathetic: Relaxation of sphincter

Sweat glands

Sympathetic: Increase sweating Parasympathetic: no effect

Genitals

Sympathetic: Ejaculation and Vaginal contractions Parasympathetic: Erection of genitals

CN I is what nerve

Olfactory nerve

Foramen of exit for CN I

Cribriform plate of Ethmoid bone

CN II is what nerve

Optic nerve

Foramen of exit for CN II

Optic canal

Photopigment of cones

Opsin

Contains greatest amount of cones

Fovea centralis

Yellowish area near the center of retina that contains fovea centralis

Macula lutea

Concentrated in fovea centralis of Macula lutea

Cones

Gives black to gray hue in photoreception

Rods

Photopigment of rods

Rhodopsin

Photoreceptor with that is very sensitive to light

Rods

Photoreceptor that has a very high visual acuity

Cones

Photoreceptor that is less sensitive to light

Cones

Photoreceptor with low visual acuity

Rods

Photoreceptor that is concentrated away from fovea centralis

Rods

Concentrates the light to the retina

Lens

Transparent portion in front of the eye

Cornea

Part of the eyes where images are formed

Retina

Gives color to the eyes

Iris

White portion of the eye

Sclera

Constricts and dilates according to the amount of light allowed to enter the eye

Pupil

Fluid on the anterior part of the eye

Aqueous humor

Fluid on the posterior part of the eye

Vitreous humor

Area where no cones or rods are present. "Blind spot"

Optic disc

Point in retina where optic nerve enters the eye

Optic disc

What nerve is CN III

Oculomotor nerve

Foramen of exit for CN III

Superior orbital fissure

Innervates most extrinsic muscles of the eye and the Parasympathetic innervation of the pupil

CN III (Oculomotor Nerve)

What nerve is CN IV

Trochlear nerve

Foramen of exit for CN IV

Superior orbital fissure

Innervates the superior oblique muscles

CN IV (Trochlear nerve)

Longest intracranial nerve

CN IV (trochlear nerve)

Smallest Nerve

CN IV (Trochlear nerve)

What nerve is CN V

Trigeminal nerve

Largest cranial nerve

CN V (Trigeminal nerve)

3 Divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve

Opthalmic V1 Maxillary V2 Mandibular V3

Foramen of exit for opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

Superior orbital fissure

Foramen of exit for the Maxillary division of the Trigeminal nerve

Foramen rotundum

Innervates palate from canine to canine or abterior 1/3 of the palate

Nasopalatine nerve

The nasopalatine nerve exits from..

Incisive foramen

Innervates posterior 1/3 of the hard palate

Greater palatine nerve

GPN exits from the..

Greater palatine foramen

Innervates the soft palate

Lesser palatine nerve

The Lesser Palatine Nerve exits from the..

Lesser palatine foramen

Innervates the soft tissues and teeth of 7,8 and the distobuccal and palatal root of 6

PSAN

Innervates soft tissue and teeth of 4,5 and mesiobuccal root of 6

MSAN

Innervates soft tissue and teeth of maxillary canines and incisors

ASAN

Innervates the lower eyelid, upper lip, part of nasal vestibule, ASAN and MSAN

Infraorbital Nerve

Foramen of exit for the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Foramen ovale

Largest branch of the trigeminal nerve

Mandibular branch V3

Innervates the buccal mucosa of mandibular molars

Long buccal nerve

Innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Lingual nerve

Innervates the anterior 2/3 for taste sensation of the tongue

CN VII (Facial nerve)

Innervates the posterior 1/3 for general function and taste sentation of the tongue

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Innervates the base of the tongue

CN X (Vagus nerve)

Terminal branch of IAN

Mental nerve

Innsrvates the TMJ, Parotid gland and scalp in temporal region

Auriculotemporal Nerve

What is CN VI

Abducens Nerve

Foramen of exit for CN VI

Superior orbital fissure

Imnervates the lateral rectus of the eye

CN VI (Abducens nerve)

What nerve is CN VII

Facial Nerve

Foramen of exit for CN VII

Stylomastoid foramen

Controls scalp muscles around ear

Auricular nerve

Innervates taste sensation anterior 2/3 or tongue

Chorda tympani (Facial nerve)

Parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland

Chorda tympani (Facial Nerve)

Parasympathefic innervation of the sublingual gland

Chorda tympani (Facial Nerve)

Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

Greater petrosal nerve (Facial nerve)

Intracranial branches of the Facial nerve

Chorda tympani | Greater petrosal nerve

Extracranial branches of the facial nerve

Auricular nerve Branch to posterior belly of digastric muscle Branch to stylohyoid muscle Branch to parotid gland

What nerve is CN VIII

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Foramen of exit for CN VIII

Internal Acoustic meatus

Cranial nerve essential for hearing and balance

CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)

What are the ear ossicles?

Malleus Incus Stapes

Receptor organ for hearing

Organ of corti

Sensory receptors for hearing

Hair cells

What nerve is CN IX?

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Foramen of exit for CN IX

Jugular foramen

What are the pharyngeal plexus

CN IX (Glossooharyngeal), CN X (Vagus), CN XI (Accessory)

Parasymoathetic innervation of the parotid gland

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)

Responsible for gag reflex (sensory)

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)

What is CN X?

Vagus nerve

Longest cranial nerve

CN X (Vagus nerve)

Responsible for Gag reflex (motor)

CN X (Vagus nerve)

Responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of heart, herring-bruer reflex of lungs, digestive tract, kidney and liver

CN X (Vagus nerve)

What is CN XI?

Spinal Accessory Nerve

The Spinal accessory nerve enters through the ____ and exits through the ____.

Enters the foramen magnum and exits the Jugular foramen

Muscles that are innervated by the Spinal Accessory nerve

Trapezius | Sternocleidomastoid

What nerve is CN XII?

Hypoglossal Nerve

Foramen of exit for CN XII

Hypoglossal canal

What cranial nerves are purely sensory in function?

CN I, CN II, CN V1, CN V2 and CN VIII

What cranial nerves are purely for motor function?

CN III, CN IV, CN VI, CN XI, CN XII

What cranial nerves have mixed functions?

CN V3, CN VII, CN IX and CN X

Clotting factor I

Fibrinogen

Clotting Factor II

Proththrombin

Clotting factor III

Thrombolastin (Tissue Factor)

Clotting Factor IV

Calcium

Clotting Factor V

Labile Factor

Clotting Factor VII

Stable Factor

Clotting Factor VIII

Antihemophilic Factor

Clotting Factor IX

Christmas Factor

Clotting Factor X

Stuart Factor

Clotting Factor Xi

Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent

Clotting factor XII

Hagemann Factor

Clotting Factor XIII

Fibrin Stabilizing Factor

Most important clotting factor

Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor)

Deficient in Hemophilia A

Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor)

Deficient in hemophilia B

Factor IX (Christmas factor)

Deficient in Hemophilia C

Factor XI (Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent)

Intrinsic factor

Factor XIII (Fibrin Stabilizing Factor)

What measures extrinsic pathway?

Prothrombin time

What measures intrinsic pathway?

Partial thromboplastin Time

Functional unit of the brain

Neuron

Aka perikaryon or soma

Cell body

Yellowish granules found in aging cells; also called wear and tear pigments

Lipofuscin/Lipochrome

Clusters of Rough ER that looks like granules in light microscope?

Nissl Bodies

Receives information and brings it towards the cell body

Dendrites

Propagates nerve impulses away from the cell body

Axon

Joins axon to the cell body

Axon hillock

Side branches of axon

Axon collaterals

Outer covering sheath of myelinated axon

Neurolemma

What is the point from which nerve impulses arise?

Trigger zone

What is the site of communication of two neurons or between neurons and effector cells

Synapse

What part of the brain can you find specialized neurons calles purkinje cells?

Cerebellum

What part of the brain cna you find the specialized neurons called pyramid cells?

Cerebrum

Afferent neurons

Sensory neurons

Efferent neurons

Motor neurons

Connects afferent and efferent neurons; integrates informations from sensory neurons

Interneurons

Supporting cells of the nervous system

Neuroglia

Largest and most numerous cells in the cns. Found near blood vessels

Astrocytes

Forms myelin sheath in CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Phagocytes of the CNS

Microglia

Cells lining in the ventricles of the brain; produces the CSF

Ependymal cells

Group of ependymal cells are called?

Choroid plexus

Anatomic part of brain ehich produces CSF are called?

Ventricles

Temporary storage site of CSF

Subarachnoid space

Glands of luschka are found in?

Gallbladder

What structure reabsorbs CSF?

Arachnoid Villi

What is the functions of CSF?

Shock absorber and nourishment

What are the gaps in myelin sheath

Nodes of ranvier

What type of nerve conduction is seen on myelinated axons?

Saltatory nerve conduction

Type of conduction in unmyelinated axons?

Continuous conduction

Largest ventricle of the brain

Lateral ventricles

What Le fort fracture is most common to produce CSF Rhinorrhea?

Le fort III

Forms the nyelinsheath in PNS

Schwann cells

Provide structural support in the PNS

Satellite cells

Reversible damage; without wallerian degeneration

Neurapraxia

Myelinsheath and axon is damaged due to stretching of nerve and bone fractures; cna regenerate weeks to years

Axonotmesis

Most severe; all layers of nerve are damaged due to laceration with walerian degeneration and is irreversible.

Neuronotmesis

Largest and the fasterst nerve fiber; sensitive to Pain, Touch and Pressure

A fibers

Type of nerve fiber which are sensitive to sensatikns from viscera

B fibers

Smallest and slowest nerve fiber; sensitive to pain and temperature

C fibers

Excessive dopamine and serotonin

Schizophrenia

Reduced dopamine

Parkinsonism

Brian dmaage at birth (most common cause); Abnormal synchronous electrical discharge from neurons

Epilepsy

Malignant tunor of the adrenal glands co sisting of immature nerve cells; common in children

Neuroblastoma

Destruction of myelin sheath in CNS by autoimmune cells resulting to plaque

Multiple sclerosis

Destruction of myelin sheath in PNS by autoimmune cells that may result to paralysis

Guillan-Bare syndrome (GBS)

Degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord resulting to muscle weakness and muscle atrophy

Amyotropic Lateral sclerosis

Loss of hearing due to aging

Presbycusis

Loss of visual acuity due to aging

Presbyopia

Reduced salivary production

Aptyalia

Dry mouth

Xerostomia

Difficulty in swallowing

Dysphagia

Absence of muscle coordination

Ataxia

Inability to speak and comprehend words

Aphasia

Sharp pain due to dmaaged CN V

Tic douloureux

Damage to CN VII

Bell's Palsy

Wandering eye; damaged CN VIII

Nystagmus

Double vision; dmaage to CN IV

Diplopia

Abnormal fixation of eyes; dmaage to CN IV, III and VI

Strabismus

Dizziness; rotating environment; damage to CN VIII

Vertigo

Ringing of the ear; damage to CN VIII

Tinnitus

Loss of taste sensation; dmaage to CN VII, IX, X

Ageusia