Nervous System Flashcards
Largest component of the brain; made up of 2 hemispheres
Telencephalon/Cerebrum
White matter that connects or separates the left and right hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Outer gray matter of the cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Elevations of the cerebral cortex
Gyrus
Primary motor cortex
Precentral gyrus
Primary motor speech area
Broca’s area
Primary somato-sensory cortex
Postcentral Gyrus
Sensory speech/speech comprehension
Wernicke’s area
Primary visual cortex is located at what lobe?
Occipital Lobe
Postcentral gyrus is found in what lobe?
Parietal lobe
Wernicke’s area is found in what lob
Temporal lobe
Broca’s area is found in what lobe?
Frontal lobe
Precentral Gyrus is found in what lobe?
Frontal lobe
Three basic regions of the cerbral hemisphere
Cerbral cortex, cerebral white matter and Basal nuclei
These are islands of gray matter in the cerebral cortex which help regulate voluntatry motor activities
Basal nuclei
Also called interbrain which sits atop the brain stem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
What are the major structures of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Relay center of the brain
Thalamus
Makes up the floor of the diencephalon. An important autonamic cenger as it plays a role in regulating body temperathre, water balance and metabolism.
Hypothalamus
Important pars of the epithalamus are..
Pineal gland and choroid plexus
Form the cerebrospinal fluid
Choroid plexus
Produces melatonin and regulates sleep
Pineal gland
What structures form the brain stem
Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
What are tue parts of the metencephalon?
Cerebellum and pons varolii
Divided into 2 hemispheres abd for excitatory motor movements and balance
Cerebellum
Respiratory center
Pons Varolii
What is the semicircular fluid?
Fluid in the semicircular canal for balance
Major regulatory center gor vomiting, coughing, swallowing, heart rate and breathing rate
Medulla oblongata
Detects chemicals, blood pH, CO2 and O2 changes
Central chemoreceptors
Sensitive to acidic pH, high hydrogen, hypercapnia and hypoxia
Central chemoreceptors
When the central chemoreceptors are stimulated it activates..
Sympathetic effects
Prevents the overinflation of lungs
Herring-Breuer reflex
What cranial nerve is reponsible for the Herring-Breuer reflex
CN X
Where are the central chemoreceptors found?
Medulla Oblongata
Where are Peripheral chemoreceptors found?
In Carotid and Aortic bodies
What are baroreceptors?
Receptors that detect pressure
Group of neuronal Cell bodies inside the CNS
Nucleus
Bundle of axons in the CNS
Tract
Passage for motor neurons
Ventral root of spinal cord
Passage of sensory neurons
Dorsal root of spinal cord
What is the cone shape termination of the spinal cord?
Conus terminalis
What is the Horsetail-like extensions of spinal nerves below its terminal end?
Cauda aquina
Spinal tap is done in what vertebra?
Between L3 and L4
Group of beuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglion
Bundles of axon in PNS
Nerves
Network of nerves in PNS
Plexus
How many pairs do cranial nerves have?
12 pairs
How many pairs do spinal nerves have?
31 pairs
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
Regulated mainly by Acetylcholine
Parasympathetic
Regulated mainly by Norepinephrine
Sympathetic
Rest and digest
Parasympathetic
Fight or flight
Sympathetic
Stress and emergency situations
Sympathetic
Autonomic nervous system which maintains homeostasis
Parasympathetic
Cholinergic
Parasympathetic
Adrenergic
Sympathetic
Anticholinesterase
Parasympathetic
Parasympatholytic
Sympathetic
Parasympathomimetic
Parasympathetic
Eye pupil
Sympathetic: Dilation (mydriasis)
Parasympathetic: Constriction (miosis)
Lacrimal glands
Sympathetic: Decrease tear
Parasympathetic: Increase tear
Salivary glands
Sympathetic: Decrease saliva flow
Parasympathetic: Increase saliva flow
Nasal mucosa
Sympathetic: Mucus Decreased
Parasympathetic: Mucus Increased
Lung (bronchi)
Sympathetic: bronchodilation
Parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction
Arteries
Sympathetic: vasoconstriction
Parasympathetic: vasodilation
Heart
Sympathetic: increase chrono and inot
Parasympathetic: decrease chrono and inot
Adrenal Glands
Sympathetic: secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
Parasympathetic: inhibits
Gastrointestinal tract
Sympathetic: decrease motility
Parasympathetic: increase motility
Stomach
Sympathetic: Decrease HCl secretion
Parasympathetic: Increase HCl secretion
Liver and skeletal muscle
Sympathetic: increase Glycogenolysis (glucagon)
Parasympathetic: increase Glycogenesis (insulin)
Pancreas
Sympathetic: glucagon production
Parasympathetic: Insulin production
Kidney
Sympathetic: Decrease urine output
Parasympathetic: Increase urine output
Bladder
Sympathetic: contraction of sphincter
Parasympathetic: Relaxation of sphincter
Sweat glands
Sympathetic: Increase sweating
Parasympathetic: no effect
Genitals
Sympathetic: Ejaculation and Vaginal contractions
Parasympathetic: Erection of genitals
CN I is what nerve
Olfactory nerve
Foramen of exit for CN I
Cribriform plate of Ethmoid bone
CN II is what nerve
Optic nerve
Foramen of exit for CN II
Optic canal
Photopigment of cones
Opsin
Contains greatest amount of cones
Fovea centralis
Yellowish area near the center of retina that contains fovea centralis
Macula lutea
Concentrated in fovea centralis of Macula lutea
Cones
Gives black to gray hue in photoreception
Rods
Photopigment of rods
Rhodopsin
Photoreceptor with that is very sensitive to light
Rods
Photoreceptor that has a very high visual acuity
Cones
Photoreceptor that is less sensitive to light
Cones
Photoreceptor with low visual acuity
Rods
Photoreceptor that is concentrated away from fovea centralis
Rods
Concentrates the light to the retina
Lens
Transparent portion in front of the eye
Cornea
Part of the eyes where images are formed
Retina
Gives color to the eyes
Iris
White portion of the eye
Sclera
Constricts and dilates according to the amount of light allowed to enter the eye
Pupil
Fluid on the anterior part of the eye
Aqueous humor
Fluid on the posterior part of the eye
Vitreous humor
Area where no cones or rods are present. “Blind spot”
Optic disc
Point in retina where optic nerve enters the eye
Optic disc
What nerve is CN III
Oculomotor nerve
Foramen of exit for CN III
Superior orbital fissure
Innervates most extrinsic muscles of the eye and the Parasympathetic innervation of the pupil
CN III (Oculomotor Nerve)
What nerve is CN IV
Trochlear nerve
Foramen of exit for CN IV
Superior orbital fissure
Innervates the superior oblique muscles
CN IV (Trochlear nerve)
Longest intracranial nerve
CN IV (trochlear nerve)
Smallest Nerve
CN IV (Trochlear nerve)
What nerve is CN V
Trigeminal nerve
Largest cranial nerve
CN V (Trigeminal nerve)
3 Divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve
Opthalmic V1
Maxillary V2
Mandibular V3
Foramen of exit for opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen of exit for the Maxillary division of the Trigeminal nerve
Foramen rotundum
Innervates palate from canine to canine or abterior 1/3 of the palate
Nasopalatine nerve
The nasopalatine nerve exits from..
Incisive foramen
Innervates posterior 1/3 of the hard palate
Greater palatine nerve
GPN exits from the..
Greater palatine foramen
Innervates the soft palate
Lesser palatine nerve
The Lesser Palatine Nerve exits from the..
Lesser palatine foramen
Innervates the soft tissues and teeth of 7,8 and the distobuccal and palatal root of 6
PSAN
Innervates soft tissue and teeth of 4,5 and mesiobuccal root of 6
MSAN
Innervates soft tissue and teeth of maxillary canines and incisors
ASAN
Innervates the lower eyelid, upper lip, part of nasal vestibule, ASAN and MSAN
Infraorbital Nerve
Foramen of exit for the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Foramen ovale
Largest branch of the trigeminal nerve
Mandibular branch V3
Innervates the buccal mucosa of mandibular molars
Long buccal nerve
Innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Lingual nerve
Innervates the anterior 2/3 for taste sensation of the tongue
CN VII (Facial nerve)
Innervates the posterior 1/3 for general function and taste sentation of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Innervates the base of the tongue
CN X (Vagus nerve)
Terminal branch of IAN
Mental nerve
Innsrvates the TMJ, Parotid gland and scalp in temporal region
Auriculotemporal Nerve
What is CN VI
Abducens Nerve
Foramen of exit for CN VI
Superior orbital fissure
Imnervates the lateral rectus of the eye
CN VI (Abducens nerve)
What nerve is CN VII
Facial Nerve
Foramen of exit for CN VII
Stylomastoid foramen
Controls scalp muscles around ear
Auricular nerve
Innervates taste sensation anterior 2/3 or tongue
Chorda tympani (Facial nerve)
Parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland
Chorda tympani (Facial Nerve)
Parasympathefic innervation of the sublingual gland
Chorda tympani (Facial Nerve)
Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland
Greater petrosal nerve (Facial nerve)
Intracranial branches of the Facial nerve
Chorda tympani
Greater petrosal nerve
Extracranial branches of the facial nerve
Auricular nerve
Branch to posterior belly of digastric muscle
Branch to stylohyoid muscle
Branch to parotid gland
What nerve is CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Foramen of exit for CN VIII
Internal Acoustic meatus
Cranial nerve essential for hearing and balance
CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)
What are the ear ossicles?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Receptor organ for hearing
Organ of corti
Sensory receptors for hearing
Hair cells
What nerve is CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Foramen of exit for CN IX
Jugular foramen
What are the pharyngeal plexus
CN IX (Glossooharyngeal), CN X (Vagus), CN XI (Accessory)
Parasymoathetic innervation of the parotid gland
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)
Responsible for gag reflex (sensory)
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)
What is CN X?
Vagus nerve
Longest cranial nerve
CN X (Vagus nerve)
Responsible for Gag reflex (motor)
CN X (Vagus nerve)
Responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of heart, herring-bruer reflex of lungs, digestive tract, kidney and liver
CN X (Vagus nerve)
What is CN XI?
Spinal Accessory Nerve
The Spinal accessory nerve enters through the ____ and exits through the ____.
Enters the foramen magnum and exits the Jugular foramen
Muscles that are innervated by the Spinal Accessory nerve
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
What nerve is CN XII?
Hypoglossal Nerve
Foramen of exit for CN XII
Hypoglossal canal
What cranial nerves are purely sensory in function?
CN I, CN II, CN V1, CN V2 and CN VIII
What cranial nerves are purely for motor function?
CN III, CN IV, CN VI, CN XI, CN XII
What cranial nerves have mixed functions?
CN V3, CN VII, CN IX and CN X
Clotting factor I
Fibrinogen
Clotting Factor II
Proththrombin
Clotting factor III
Thrombolastin (Tissue Factor)
Clotting Factor IV
Calcium
Clotting Factor V
Labile Factor
Clotting Factor VII
Stable Factor
Clotting Factor VIII
Antihemophilic Factor
Clotting Factor IX
Christmas Factor
Clotting Factor X
Stuart Factor
Clotting Factor Xi
Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
Clotting factor XII
Hagemann Factor
Clotting Factor XIII
Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
Most important clotting factor
Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor)
Deficient in Hemophilia A
Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor)
Deficient in hemophilia B
Factor IX (Christmas factor)
Deficient in Hemophilia C
Factor XI (Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent)
Intrinsic factor
Factor XIII (Fibrin Stabilizing Factor)
What measures extrinsic pathway?
Prothrombin time
What measures intrinsic pathway?
Partial thromboplastin Time
Functional unit of the brain
Neuron
Aka perikaryon or soma
Cell body
Yellowish granules found in aging cells; also called wear and tear pigments
Lipofuscin/Lipochrome
Clusters of Rough ER that looks like granules in light microscope?
Nissl Bodies
Receives information and brings it towards the cell body
Dendrites
Propagates nerve impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Joins axon to the cell body
Axon hillock
Side branches of axon
Axon collaterals
Outer covering sheath of myelinated axon
Neurolemma
What is the point from which nerve impulses arise?
Trigger zone
What is the site of communication of two neurons or between neurons and effector cells
Synapse
What part of the brain can you find specialized neurons calles purkinje cells?
Cerebellum
What part of the brain cna you find the specialized neurons called pyramid cells?
Cerebrum
Afferent neurons
Sensory neurons
Efferent neurons
Motor neurons
Connects afferent and efferent neurons; integrates informations from sensory neurons
Interneurons
Supporting cells of the nervous system
Neuroglia
Largest and most numerous cells in the cns. Found near blood vessels
Astrocytes
Forms myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Phagocytes of the CNS
Microglia
Cells lining in the ventricles of the brain; produces the CSF
Ependymal cells
Group of ependymal cells are called?
Choroid plexus
Anatomic part of brain ehich produces CSF are called?
Ventricles
Temporary storage site of CSF
Subarachnoid space
Glands of luschka are found in?
Gallbladder
What structure reabsorbs CSF?
Arachnoid Villi
What is the functions of CSF?
Shock absorber and nourishment
What are the gaps in myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
What type of nerve conduction is seen on myelinated axons?
Saltatory nerve conduction
Type of conduction in unmyelinated axons?
Continuous conduction
Largest ventricle of the brain
Lateral ventricles
What Le fort fracture is most common to produce CSF Rhinorrhea?
Le fort III
Forms the nyelinsheath in PNS
Schwann cells
Provide structural support in the PNS
Satellite cells
Reversible damage; without wallerian degeneration
Neurapraxia
Myelinsheath and axon is damaged due to stretching of nerve and bone fractures; cna regenerate weeks to years
Axonotmesis
Most severe; all layers of nerve are damaged due to laceration with walerian degeneration and is irreversible.
Neuronotmesis
Largest and the fasterst nerve fiber; sensitive to Pain, Touch and Pressure
A fibers
Type of nerve fiber which are sensitive to sensatikns from viscera
B fibers
Smallest and slowest nerve fiber; sensitive to pain and temperature
C fibers
Excessive dopamine and serotonin
Schizophrenia
Reduced dopamine
Parkinsonism
Brian dmaage at birth (most common cause); Abnormal synchronous electrical discharge from neurons
Epilepsy
Malignant tunor of the adrenal glands co sisting of immature nerve cells; common in children
Neuroblastoma
Destruction of myelin sheath in CNS by autoimmune cells resulting to plaque
Multiple sclerosis
Destruction of myelin sheath in PNS by autoimmune cells that may result to paralysis
Guillan-Bare syndrome (GBS)
Degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord resulting to muscle weakness and muscle atrophy
Amyotropic Lateral sclerosis
Loss of hearing due to aging
Presbycusis
Loss of visual acuity due to aging
Presbyopia
Reduced salivary production
Aptyalia
Dry mouth
Xerostomia
Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
Absence of muscle coordination
Ataxia
Inability to speak and comprehend words
Aphasia
Sharp pain due to dmaaged CN V
Tic douloureux
Damage to CN VII
Bell’s Palsy
Wandering eye; damaged CN VIII
Nystagmus
Double vision; dmaage to CN IV
Diplopia
Abnormal fixation of eyes; dmaage to CN IV, III and VI
Strabismus
Dizziness; rotating environment; damage to CN VIII
Vertigo
Ringing of the ear; damage to CN VIII
Tinnitus
Loss of taste sensation; dmaage to CN VII, IX, X
Ageusia
