Cellular Anatomy And Connective Tissues Flashcards
Movement of fluid across a semi permeable membrane from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure
Osmosis
Organelle wich ontains the DNA and RNA of the cell
Nucleus
“Bead on strings” appearance.
Chromatin
Composition of chromatin
DNA and Histones
Condensed chromatin during mitosis
Chromatid
Composed of 2 sister chromatids that are attached together during mitosis
Chromosomes
The second “x” in an organisms chromosome
Barr bodies
Nucleus dissolutiom
Karyolysis
Nucleus shrinks and and chromatin condenses.
Pyknosis
Fragmentation of the nucleus and the chromatin dissentegrates
Karyorrhexis
It is where atp is produced via krebbs cycle
Mitochondria
Folds in the mitochondria
Cristae
End product of Krebbs cycle
36-38 ATP, CO2 and H2O
End Product of glycolysis
2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate
End product of Creatine Phosphate
1 ATP and 1 Creatinine
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
End product of transcription.
mRNA
What are the structural flundation of proteins?
Amino acids
Site of protein synthesis
Rough ER
Organelle responsible for steriod synthesis, Lipogenesis, and Detoxification
Smooth ER
Organelle responsible for Apoptosis or programmed cell death
Lysosomes
Contains pair of microtubules arranged in cartwheel pattern
Centrosome
9+2 pattern of microtubules
Cillia
First gap phase
G1 phase
Synthesis phase
S phase
Cells prepare for mitosis and organelles double in number
G2 phase
Chromosome duplication and RNA synthesis
S phase
Division of somatic cells which results in 2 genetically identical doughter cells
Mitosis
Cleavage furrow forms
Telophase
Nuclear membrane and nucleus dissintegrates
Prophase
Chromosomes split going towards opposite poles
Anaphase
Chromosomes allign at the equator of the cell
Metaphase
Mitotic spindles from centrosomes attach to centromere
Metaphase
Mitotic phase where Chromatin coils and condenses
Prophase
Nuclear membrane reapears
Telophase
Division of cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
Type of cells produced in meiosis according to the number of chromosomes
Haploid
Movement of solutes to a higher to lower concentrations
Simple diffusion
Movement of solutes which is carrier-mediated
Fascilitated diffusion
Movement of fluid across a semi permeable membrane from a low osmotic pressure to a higher one
Osmosis
Cells in a hypertonic solution result to:
Shrinkage
Cells placed in a hypotonic solution result to:
Bursting
Movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration gradient which uses atp
Active Transport
Most numerous cation in ECF but least numerous in ICF
Sodium
Least numerous cation in ECF but most numerous in ICF
Potassium
Most numerous anion in ECF but least numerous in ICF
Chlorine
Least numerous anion in ECF
Bicarbonate
Most numerous anion in ICF
Phosphate
Spot weld like and attaches cells of the same type
Desmosomes
Attaches cells of differe t type
Hemidesmosomes
Froms a bridge that allows ion diffusion between cells
Gap junctions
Prevents leaking of substanves
Tight junction
Functional classification of exocrine galnd which releases packaged vesicles
Merocrine
Functional classification of exocrine glands that pinches off of its own vesicles.
Apocrine
Functional classification of Exocrine glands which ruptures and releases its contents
Holocrine
Largest major salivary duct
Parotid gland
Main duct of the parotid gland which opens opposite of the maxillary 2nd molar
Stensens duct
Produces the greatest volume of saliva among the major salivary glands
Submandibular gland
Main duct of the submandibular gland
Whartons duct
Where does the whartons duct open and release its secretion
Sublingual caruncle
The smallest major salivary gland
Sublingual gland
Major duct of the sublingual gland
Bartholins duct
Accessory duct of the sublinnual duct
Rivinus duct
Minor salivary gland found within the circumvallate papilla
Glands of von ebner
Minor salivary gland found antero-lingually
Glands of blandin-nuhn
Basket cells or myoepithelial cells are found in?
Salivary glands
Glycosaminoglycans’ most important function is to..
Trap water
chemical compound that is Seen in joints, eyeballs, egg dells etc ehich attaches connective tissues together
Hyaluronic acid
Most numerous GAGS. Seen primarily in cartilage
Chondroitin sulfate
GAGS in skin
Dermatan sulfate
GAGS in cornea
Keratan sulfate
GAGS similar to Heparin
Heparan sulfate
It is the Core and GAGS project from.it like a bristle brush
Proteoglycan
Only GAGS without proteoglycan?
Hyaluronic acid
Most common adhesion protein found in connective tissue
Fibronectin
Adhesion protein found in bone
Osteonectin
Most numerous protein the body
Collagen
Most abundant type of collagen
Type I Collagen
Collagen seen in Hyaline Cartilage
Type II Collagen
Collagen found in hair and placenta
Type V Collagen
Collagen found in Dermis, Bone, Pulp, Dentin, Dementum and Etc.
Type I Collagen
Collagen found in Reticular fibers and tissues.
Type III collagen
Collagen in basement membranes
Type IV Collagen
Highly elastic protein
Elastin
Most numerous protein in Epidermis
Keratin
Most numerous orotein in the blood which determines osmotic pressure
Albumin
Most numerous protein in enamel
Amelogenin
Disease where the patient has excessive elastic fibers
Marfan’s syndrome
Disease where the patient has defective collagen fibers resukting to flexibility of tissues made up of collagen
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Disease where the patient has Deficient Collagen fibers
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Connective tissue cells which secrete fibers
Fibroblasts
Connective tissue cells which are formed in the bone marrow and is a combination of numerous monocytes
Macrophages
Fixed macrophage in liver
Kupffer cells
Fixed macrophage in Kidney
Mesangial cells
Fixed macrophage in Brain
Microglia
Fixed macrophage in Lungs
Dust cells
Fixed macrophage in lymphnodes and connective tissues
Histiocytes
Fixed macrophage in bone
Osteoclasts
Fixed macrophage in Epidermis
Langerhans Cell
Fixed macrophage in granulomas
Eoitheliod cells and Langhans Giant Cells
Fixed macrophage in Placenta
Hofbauer cells
Macrophages that continously move in the body
Wandering macrophages
Movement of microorganisms woward an agent
Chemotaxis
Fat cells
Adipocytes
Two types of cartilagenous growth
Interstitial and Appositional growth
Type of Cartilagenous growth on the external surface and is continuous througout life
Appositional growth
Type of cartilagenous growth within the tissue and happens during the growth spurt only
Interstitial growth
What are the types of cartilage
Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage
Tyoe of cartilage composed of numerous chondrocytes and a few collagen fibers. Found in bones that form joints, nose, fetal skeleton, trachea etc.
Hyaline cartilage
Least common type of cartilage which is conposed of chondrocytes and elastic fibers. Found in pinna and esutachian tubes
Elastic cartilage
Strongest cartilage and is composed of fewer chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage
Tyoe of bone which is made up of trabeculae
Spongy bone
Blood is how many percent in plasma
55% plasma
How many percent of formed elements is blood
45% formed elements
Two types of white blood cells
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
WBC wich contains Histamine and Heparin
Basophil
WBC for parasites, allergies and viruses
Eosinophil
First line of defense in WBCs and are also called stab cells or PMNLs
Neutrophils
Largest leukocyte and has a single kidney shaped nucleus
Monocyte
Smallest leukocyte and is responsible for viruses and chronic bacteria
Lymphocyte
T helper cells
Cd4
Cytotoxic cells
Cd8
Special type of Cd8
Natural killer cells
Most numerous cells in the body
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
Normal value of rbcs
4-5 million/microliter in f
5-6 million/microliter in m
Universal donor
Blood type O
Universal recipient
AB
Most important chemical for RBC production
Iron
Determines fragility of capillaries
Thrombocytes or platelets
Lifespan of platelets
10 days
Platelet normal value
150,000 to 140,000/microliter
Other name for capillary fragility test
Tourniquet test (Rumpel-Leede)
Produce antibodies or immunoglobulins with clockface or cartwheel appearance
Plasma cells
Most numerous AB
IgG
AB in body fluids and gastrointestinal tracts
IgA
1st line of defense among ABs
IgM
Ab active during allergic reactions and parasitic ifxns
IgE
Primary organs of the Lymphatic system
Bone Marrow and Thymus
Secondary organs of the Lymphatic system
Spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes
Lymphatic ducts drain at the junction of ____ and _____.
Internal jugular vein and Subclavian vein
Dilated sac at the lower end thoracic duct that drains lymph from intestinal and lumbar area.
Cisternal chyli
Pressure that pushes fluid out of capillaries
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure that moves the fluid in the capillaries due to albumin
Osmotic pressure
Red pulp of the spleen contains
RBC and Macrophages
White pulp of the spleen contains
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
