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Dent Reviewer > Cellular Anatomy And Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Cellular Anatomy And Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Movement of fluid across a semi permeable membrane from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

A

Osmosis

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2
Q

Organelle wich ontains the DNA and RNA of the cell

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

“Bead on strings” appearance.

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

Composition of chromatin

A

DNA and Histones

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5
Q

Condensed chromatin during mitosis

A

Chromatid

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6
Q

Composed of 2 sister chromatids that are attached together during mitosis

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

The second “x” in an organisms chromosome

A

Barr bodies

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8
Q

Nucleus dissolutiom

A

Karyolysis

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9
Q

Nucleus shrinks and and chromatin condenses.

A

Pyknosis

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10
Q

Fragmentation of the nucleus and the chromatin dissentegrates

A

Karyorrhexis

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11
Q

It is where atp is produced via krebbs cycle

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

Folds in the mitochondria

A

Cristae

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13
Q

End product of Krebbs cycle

A

36-38 ATP, CO2 and H2O

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14
Q

End Product of glycolysis

A

2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate

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15
Q

End product of Creatine Phosphate

A

1 ATP and 1 Creatinine

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16
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

End product of transcription.

A

mRNA

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18
Q

What are the structural flundation of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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20
Q

Organelle responsible for steriod synthesis, Lipogenesis, and Detoxification

A

Smooth ER

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21
Q

Organelle responsible for Apoptosis or programmed cell death

A

Lysosomes

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22
Q

Contains pair of microtubules arranged in cartwheel pattern

A

Centrosome

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23
Q

9+2 pattern of microtubules

A

Cillia

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24
Q

First gap phase

A

G1 phase

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25
Q

Synthesis phase

A

S phase

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26
Q

Cells prepare for mitosis and organelles double in number

A

G2 phase

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27
Q

Chromosome duplication and RNA synthesis

A

S phase

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28
Q

Division of somatic cells which results in 2 genetically identical doughter cells

A

Mitosis

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29
Q

Cleavage furrow forms

A

Telophase

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30
Q

Nuclear membrane and nucleus dissintegrates

A

Prophase

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31
Q

Chromosomes split going towards opposite poles

A

Anaphase

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32
Q

Chromosomes allign at the equator of the cell

A

Metaphase

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33
Q

Mitotic spindles from centrosomes attach to centromere

A

Metaphase

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34
Q

Mitotic phase where Chromatin coils and condenses

A

Prophase

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35
Q

Nuclear membrane reapears

A

Telophase

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36
Q

Division of cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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37
Q

Type of cells produced in meiosis according to the number of chromosomes

A

Haploid

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38
Q

Movement of solutes to a higher to lower concentrations

A

Simple diffusion

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39
Q

Movement of solutes which is carrier-mediated

A

Fascilitated diffusion

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40
Q

Movement of fluid across a semi permeable membrane from a low osmotic pressure to a higher one

A

Osmosis

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41
Q

Cells in a hypertonic solution result to:

A

Shrinkage

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42
Q

Cells placed in a hypotonic solution result to:

A

Bursting

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43
Q

Movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration gradient which uses atp

A

Active Transport

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44
Q

Most numerous cation in ECF but least numerous in ICF

A

Sodium

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45
Q

Least numerous cation in ECF but most numerous in ICF

A

Potassium

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46
Q

Most numerous anion in ECF but least numerous in ICF

A

Chlorine

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47
Q

Least numerous anion in ECF

A

Bicarbonate

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48
Q

Most numerous anion in ICF

A

Phosphate

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49
Q

Spot weld like and attaches cells of the same type

A

Desmosomes

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50
Q

Attaches cells of differe t type

A

Hemidesmosomes

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51
Q

Froms a bridge that allows ion diffusion between cells

A

Gap junctions

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52
Q

Prevents leaking of substanves

A

Tight junction

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53
Q

Functional classification of exocrine galnd which releases packaged vesicles

A

Merocrine

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54
Q

Functional classification of exocrine glands that pinches off of its own vesicles.

A

Apocrine

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55
Q

Functional classification of Exocrine glands which ruptures and releases its contents

A

Holocrine

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56
Q

Largest major salivary duct

A

Parotid gland

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57
Q

Main duct of the parotid gland which opens opposite of the maxillary 2nd molar

A

Stensens duct

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58
Q

Produces the greatest volume of saliva among the major salivary glands

A

Submandibular gland

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59
Q

Main duct of the submandibular gland

A

Whartons duct

60
Q

Where does the whartons duct open and release its secretion

A

Sublingual caruncle

61
Q

The smallest major salivary gland

A

Sublingual gland

62
Q

Major duct of the sublingual gland

A

Bartholins duct

63
Q

Accessory duct of the sublinnual duct

A

Rivinus duct

64
Q

Minor salivary gland found within the circumvallate papilla

A

Glands of von ebner

65
Q

Minor salivary gland found antero-lingually

A

Glands of blandin-nuhn

66
Q

Basket cells or myoepithelial cells are found in?

A

Salivary glands

67
Q

Glycosaminoglycans’ most important function is to..

A

Trap water

68
Q

chemical compound that is Seen in joints, eyeballs, egg dells etc ehich attaches connective tissues together

A

Hyaluronic acid

69
Q

Most numerous GAGS. Seen primarily in cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate

70
Q

GAGS in skin

A

Dermatan sulfate

71
Q

GAGS in cornea

A

Keratan sulfate

72
Q

GAGS similar to Heparin

A

Heparan sulfate

73
Q

It is the Core and GAGS project from.it like a bristle brush

A

Proteoglycan

74
Q

Only GAGS without proteoglycan?

A

Hyaluronic acid

75
Q

Most common adhesion protein found in connective tissue

A

Fibronectin

76
Q

Adhesion protein found in bone

A

Osteonectin

77
Q

Most numerous protein the body

A

Collagen

78
Q

Most abundant type of collagen

A

Type I Collagen

79
Q

Collagen seen in Hyaline Cartilage

A

Type II Collagen

80
Q

Collagen found in hair and placenta

A

Type V Collagen

81
Q

Collagen found in Dermis, Bone, Pulp, Dentin, Dementum and Etc.

A

Type I Collagen

82
Q

Collagen found in Reticular fibers and tissues.

A

Type III collagen

83
Q

Collagen in basement membranes

A

Type IV Collagen

84
Q

Highly elastic protein

A

Elastin

85
Q

Most numerous protein in Epidermis

A

Keratin

86
Q

Most numerous orotein in the blood which determines osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

87
Q

Most numerous protein in enamel

A

Amelogenin

88
Q

Disease where the patient has excessive elastic fibers

A

Marfan’s syndrome

89
Q

Disease where the patient has defective collagen fibers resukting to flexibility of tissues made up of collagen

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

90
Q

Disease where the patient has Deficient Collagen fibers

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

91
Q

Connective tissue cells which secrete fibers

A

Fibroblasts

92
Q

Connective tissue cells which are formed in the bone marrow and is a combination of numerous monocytes

A

Macrophages

93
Q

Fixed macrophage in liver

A

Kupffer cells

94
Q

Fixed macrophage in Kidney

A

Mesangial cells

95
Q

Fixed macrophage in Brain

A

Microglia

96
Q

Fixed macrophage in Lungs

A

Dust cells

97
Q

Fixed macrophage in lymphnodes and connective tissues

A

Histiocytes

98
Q

Fixed macrophage in bone

A

Osteoclasts

99
Q

Fixed macrophage in Epidermis

A

Langerhans Cell

100
Q

Fixed macrophage in granulomas

A

Eoitheliod cells and Langhans Giant Cells

101
Q

Fixed macrophage in Placenta

A

Hofbauer cells

102
Q

Macrophages that continously move in the body

A

Wandering macrophages

103
Q

Movement of microorganisms woward an agent

A

Chemotaxis

104
Q

Fat cells

A

Adipocytes

105
Q

Two types of cartilagenous growth

A

Interstitial and Appositional growth

106
Q

Type of Cartilagenous growth on the external surface and is continuous througout life

A

Appositional growth

107
Q

Type of cartilagenous growth within the tissue and happens during the growth spurt only

A

Interstitial growth

108
Q

What are the types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage

109
Q

Tyoe of cartilage composed of numerous chondrocytes and a few collagen fibers. Found in bones that form joints, nose, fetal skeleton, trachea etc.

A

Hyaline cartilage

110
Q

Least common type of cartilage which is conposed of chondrocytes and elastic fibers. Found in pinna and esutachian tubes

A

Elastic cartilage

111
Q

Strongest cartilage and is composed of fewer chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers

A

Fibrocartilage

112
Q

Tyoe of bone which is made up of trabeculae

A

Spongy bone

113
Q

Blood is how many percent in plasma

A

55% plasma

114
Q

How many percent of formed elements is blood

A

45% formed elements

115
Q

Two types of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

116
Q

WBC wich contains Histamine and Heparin

A

Basophil

117
Q

WBC for parasites, allergies and viruses

A

Eosinophil

118
Q

First line of defense in WBCs and are also called stab cells or PMNLs

A

Neutrophils

119
Q

Largest leukocyte and has a single kidney shaped nucleus

A

Monocyte

120
Q

Smallest leukocyte and is responsible for viruses and chronic bacteria

A

Lymphocyte

121
Q

T helper cells

A

Cd4

122
Q

Cytotoxic cells

A

Cd8

123
Q

Special type of Cd8

A

Natural killer cells

124
Q

Most numerous cells in the body

A

Erythrocytes or red blood cells

125
Q

Normal value of rbcs

A

4-5 million/microliter in f

5-6 million/microliter in m

126
Q

Universal donor

A

Blood type O

127
Q

Universal recipient

A

AB

128
Q

Most important chemical for RBC production

A

Iron

129
Q

Determines fragility of capillaries

A

Thrombocytes or platelets

130
Q

Lifespan of platelets

A

10 days

131
Q

Platelet normal value

A

150,000 to 140,000/microliter

132
Q

Other name for capillary fragility test

A

Tourniquet test (Rumpel-Leede)

133
Q

Produce antibodies or immunoglobulins with clockface or cartwheel appearance

A

Plasma cells

134
Q

Most numerous AB

A

IgG

135
Q

AB in body fluids and gastrointestinal tracts

A

IgA

136
Q

1st line of defense among ABs

A

IgM

137
Q

Ab active during allergic reactions and parasitic ifxns

A

IgE

138
Q

Primary organs of the Lymphatic system

A

Bone Marrow and Thymus

139
Q

Secondary organs of the Lymphatic system

A

Spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes

140
Q

Lymphatic ducts drain at the junction of ____ and _____.

A

Internal jugular vein and Subclavian vein

141
Q

Dilated sac at the lower end thoracic duct that drains lymph from intestinal and lumbar area.

A

Cisternal chyli

142
Q

Pressure that pushes fluid out of capillaries

A

Hydrostatic pressure

143
Q

Pressure that moves the fluid in the capillaries due to albumin

A

Osmotic pressure

144
Q

Red pulp of the spleen contains

A

RBC and Macrophages

145
Q

White pulp of the spleen contains

A

B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes

Dent Reviewer (8 decks)

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