Integumentary And Skeletal System Flashcards
Largest system in the body
Integumentary system
Epithelium of the epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium
Cells that produce keratin
Keratinocytes
Produce the pigment melanin
Melanocytes
What is the embryonic origin of melanocutes and neuroglia?
Neural crest cells
Macrophage of the skin
Langerhans cells
Least numerous in epidermis and ate located at the stratum basale; essential for sense of touch
Merkel cells
Layers of the epidermis from the topmost to lower most layer.
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale
Layer which has the highest mitotic activity of keratinocytes
Stratum basale
Layer where langerhans cells are present
Stratum spinosum
Collective term for the stratum basale and stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum/malphigian layer
Disease associated with absence of melanin
Albinism
Disease associated with deficiency of melanin
Vitiligo
Layer of the epidermis where cells undergo apoptosis
Stratum granulosum
Converts tonofilaments to keratin
Keratohyaline granules
Layer of the epidermis which is found on thick skin
Stratum lucidum
Abnormal thickening of stratum corneum due to constant friction
Callus
Keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal
Psoriasis
Signs and symptoms of psoriasis
Silvery scales
Monroes abcess
Auspitz sign
Cardinal sign of psoriasis
Monroe’s abcess
2 layers of the dermis
Papillary layer and Reticular layer
Present here are the dermal papillae which are nipple like projections towards epidermis
Papillary layer
The major nutrient supplier of the skin and is attached to the subcutaneous layer of hypodermis
Reticular layer
Mechanoreceptor for touch
Merkel discs
Mechanoreceptor for touch and is numerous in thick skin
Meissner corpuscles
Mechanoreceptor for hot and stretch
Ruffini corpuscles or bulbous corpuscles
Mechanoreceptor for cold
End-bulb of Krause
Mechanoreceptor for pressure and proprioception
Pacinian corpuscles
Mechanoreceptor for proprioception found in joints
Proprioceptors
Mechanoreceptor for pain
Nociceptors
Sunken scar
Atrophic
Slightly elevated scar
Hypertrophic
Excessively elevated scar
Keloid
Melanin accumulation in some areas which are commonly termed as freckles
Ephelides
Melanocyte overgrowth
Mole/Nevus
Responsible for orange pigment of skin
Carotene
Normal value for hemoglobin
14-16 g/dl in M
12-14 g/dl in F
Dificiency of vitamin A
Nyctalopia (Bitot’s spot)
Vitamin b1 deficiency
Beriberi
Vitamin B3 deficiency
Pellagra
Vitamin B9 deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin b12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets
Vitamin k deficiency
Bleeding tendency
Other name for vitamin a
Retinol
Other name for vitamin b1
Thiamine
Other name for vitamin b2
Riboflavin
Other name for vitamin b3
Niacin/nicotinic acid
Other name for vitamin b9
Folic acid
Other name for vitamin b12
Cyanocobalamin
Other name for vitamin c
Ascorbic acid
Other name for vitamin D
Calciferol
Other name for vitamin E
Tocopherol
Bluish color due to inadequate oxygen
Cyanosis
Glands that secrete sebum
Sebaceous gland
Glands that produces sweat
Sudoriferous gland
Type of sweat glands that are found all over the body
Eccrine sweat glands
Sweat glands found mainly on the axilla, areola and perianal areas
Apocrine sweat glands
Secretes waxy material in the ear
Ceruminous glands
Allows calcium absorption in intestines
Calcitriol
Calcium deficiency after closure of epiphyseal plates
Osteomalacia
Calcium deficiency before closure of epiphyseal plates
Rickets
Vitamin d2
Ergocalciferol
Vitamin d3
Cholecalciferol
Most common skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common skin cancer in the oral cavity
Squamous cell carcinoma
Deadliest skin cancer because of its high metastasis
Melanoma
Nipple like elevations of the skin; less than 10mm
Papule
Dome like projections of the skin that are greater than 10mm
Nodule
Fluid filled but with developed Epithelial wall
Cyst
Reddened, elevated itchy oatches usually seen in allergic reactions
Hives
Warts caused by HPV infection
Common warts/Verruca Vulgaris
How many adult bones
206
How many bones in new born?
270-350
The only bone cell that can undergo cell divisikn that is found along the periosteum and endosteum
Osteoprogenitor cells
Responsible for bone deposition and secretes bone matrix called osteoid
Osteoblasts
Mature bone cells and are found in space called lacunae
Osteocytes
Macrophages of bone responsible for bone resorption
Osteoclasts
Found at the center of haversian system or osteon
Haversian canal
Immature bone that is fibrous is called
Woven bone
Other name for of alveolar bone proper?
Bundle bone/cribriform plate
Site of hematopoiesis in embryo
Yolk sac
Site of hematopoiesis in fetus
Liver
Site of hematopoiesis after birth
Red bone marrow
Main bones involved in hematopoiesis in children
Long bones
Main bones involved in hematopoiesis in adults
Skull, vertebra, sternum and pelvic
Types of bone formation
Intramembranous and endochondral
Most commonly fractured bone in the human body
Clavicle
Most commonly fractured facial bone
Nasal bone
What area is damaged during epistaxis or nose bleeding
Kiesselbach’s plexus
Longest and strongest bome in the human body
Femur
Smalles bone
Stapes
Strongest bone in the head and neck
Petrous part of the temporal bone
Commonly fractured during CPR
Xiphoid process
Most commonly dislocated joint in adults
Shoulder joint
Most commonly dislocated joint on children
Elbow joint
Largest carpal bone; head shape
Capitate
Most commonly fractured carpal bone; boat shape
Scaphoid
Boat shape tarsal bone
Navicular
Largest tarsal bone
Calcaneus
Ankle bone
Talus
3 structures of the nasal septum
Vomer, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and Septal cartilage
Curled shelf of bone found in nasal cavity
Conchas/turbinates
Nasal passageways located inferiorly to choncas
Meatus
4 paired air-filled spaces that sorrounds the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Largest paranasal sinus
Maxillary sinus
How to confirm oro-antral commmunication in the maxillary sinus?
Valsalva test
Procedure done to add bone between sinus abd alveolar bone
Sinus lift
Best radiograph to assess maxillary sinus
Water’s view
Technique used to open maxillary sinus through the canine fossa
Caldwell luc technique
Sinus seen only when CBCT or lateral cephalogram is performed
Sphenoidal sinus
Junction of the mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of temporal bone
Temporomandibular Joint
Envelops the TMJ
Capsule
Prevents posterior displacement of Mandible
Lateral temporomandibular ligament
Stabilizer of mandible
Sphenomandibular ligament
A biconcave disc made of fibrocartilage which divides the TMJ to superior and inferior compartments
Articular disc/meniscus
Compartment for Hinge or rotational movements
Inferior compartment
Compartment for protrusion,retrusion and bennet movement (sliding)
Superior compartment
Compartment for limited mouth opening
Inferior compartment
Compartment for excessive mouth opening
Superior compartment
Area of loose connective tissue attached to the posterior portion of the meniscus; it is highly vascularized and innervated
Retrodiscal tissue (posterior portion)
Thinnest portion
Middle portion
Located between the condyle and the coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Attachment for Temporalis muscle
Coronoid process
Attachment for the sphenomandibular ligament
Lingula
Most common area for cleft lip
Left side
Best time for treatment of cleft palate
12-18 months of age
Cleft of hard palate is known as
Uranoschisis
Cleft of soft palate is known as..
Staphyloschisis
Heart shaped vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Kidney or bean shaped vertebrae
Lumbar
Has the most prominent spinous process
C7
An area common for c1 to c6 vertebrae which serves as passage for vertebral artery
Transverse foramen
Non movable joint movement
Synarthroses
Slightly movable joint movement
Amphiarthroses
Freely movable joint movement
Diarthroses
Excessive growth hormone after epiphyseal closure
Acromegaly
Excessive growth hor.one before epiphyseal plate closure
Gigantism
Dwarfism due to decreased cartilage development in the body
Achondroplastic dwarfism (achondroplasia)
Dwarfism due to decreased growth hormone secretion
Pituitary dwarfism
Excessive porosity of bone due to rapid resorption of bone
Osteoporosis
Drug of choice for patients with osteoporosis
Biphosphonates (antiresorptive drug)
Most common form of arthritis due to aging where there is articular cartilage degeneration
Osteoarthritis
Autoimmune disorder where the immune cells attack articular cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis
There is crystallization that is trapped in joints
Gout
Compunds causing the crystallization of joints?
Uric acid and sodium
Nitrogen bases involved in uric acid formation
Purines
Pathognomonic sign of Gout
Tophi bodies
Uric acid crystals in nephron are called
Nephrolites
Thoracic curvature; hunchback
Kyphosis
Lumbar curvature; hollowback
Lordosis
Lateral curvature, s shaped spine
Scoliosis
Cotton wool appearance, jigsaw puzzle, mosaic pattern, increase in alkaline phosphatase in serum
Osteitis deformans (Pagets Disease of bone)
Bone infection due to Staphylococcus aureus; moth eaten appearance
Osteomyelitis
