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Dent Reviewer > Integumentary And Skeletal System > Flashcards

Integumentary And Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Largest system in the body

A

Integumentary system

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2
Q

Epithelium of the epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

Cells that produce keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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4
Q

Produce the pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

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5
Q

What is the embryonic origin of melanocutes and neuroglia?

A

Neural crest cells

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6
Q

Macrophage of the skin

A

Langerhans cells

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7
Q

Least numerous in epidermis and ate located at the stratum basale; essential for sense of touch

A

Merkel cells

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8
Q

Layers of the epidermis from the topmost to lower most layer.

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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9
Q

Layer which has the highest mitotic activity of keratinocytes

A

Stratum basale

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10
Q

Layer where langerhans cells are present

A

Stratum spinosum

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11
Q

Collective term for the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

A

Stratum germinativum/malphigian layer

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12
Q

Disease associated with absence of melanin

A

Albinism

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13
Q

Disease associated with deficiency of melanin

A

Vitiligo

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14
Q

Layer of the epidermis where cells undergo apoptosis

A

Stratum granulosum

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15
Q

Converts tonofilaments to keratin

A

Keratohyaline granules

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16
Q

Layer of the epidermis which is found on thick skin

A

Stratum lucidum

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17
Q

Abnormal thickening of stratum corneum due to constant friction

A

Callus

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18
Q

Keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal

A

Psoriasis

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19
Q

Signs and symptoms of psoriasis

A

Silvery scales
Monroes abcess
Auspitz sign

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20
Q

Cardinal sign of psoriasis

A

Monroe’s abcess

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21
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

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22
Q

Present here are the dermal papillae which are nipple like projections towards epidermis

A

Papillary layer

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23
Q

The major nutrient supplier of the skin and is attached to the subcutaneous layer of hypodermis

A

Reticular layer

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24
Q

Mechanoreceptor for touch

A

Merkel discs

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25
Q

Mechanoreceptor for touch and is numerous in thick skin

A

Meissner corpuscles

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26
Q

Mechanoreceptor for hot and stretch

A

Ruffini corpuscles or bulbous corpuscles

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27
Q

Mechanoreceptor for cold

A

End-bulb of Krause

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28
Q

Mechanoreceptor for pressure and proprioception

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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29
Q

Mechanoreceptor for proprioception found in joints

A

Proprioceptors

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30
Q

Mechanoreceptor for pain

A

Nociceptors

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31
Q

Sunken scar

A

Atrophic

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32
Q

Slightly elevated scar

A

Hypertrophic

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33
Q

Excessively elevated scar

A

Keloid

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34
Q

Melanin accumulation in some areas which are commonly termed as freckles

A

Ephelides

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35
Q

Melanocyte overgrowth

A

Mole/Nevus

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36
Q

Responsible for orange pigment of skin

A

Carotene

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37
Q

Normal value for hemoglobin

A

14-16 g/dl in M

12-14 g/dl in F

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38
Q

Dificiency of vitamin A

A

Nyctalopia (Bitot’s spot)

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39
Q

Vitamin b1 deficiency

A

Beriberi

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40
Q

Vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Pellagra

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41
Q

Vitamin B9 deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia

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42
Q

Vitamin b12 deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia

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43
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

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44
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets

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45
Q

Vitamin k deficiency

A

Bleeding tendency

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46
Q

Other name for vitamin a

A

Retinol

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47
Q

Other name for vitamin b1

A

Thiamine

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48
Q

Other name for vitamin b2

A

Riboflavin

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49
Q

Other name for vitamin b3

A

Niacin/nicotinic acid

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50
Q

Other name for vitamin b9

A

Folic acid

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51
Q

Other name for vitamin b12

A

Cyanocobalamin

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52
Q

Other name for vitamin c

A

Ascorbic acid

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53
Q

Other name for vitamin D

A

Calciferol

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54
Q

Other name for vitamin E

A

Tocopherol

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55
Q

Bluish color due to inadequate oxygen

A

Cyanosis

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56
Q

Glands that secrete sebum

A

Sebaceous gland

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57
Q

Glands that produces sweat

A

Sudoriferous gland

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58
Q

Type of sweat glands that are found all over the body

A

Eccrine sweat glands

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59
Q

Sweat glands found mainly on the axilla, areola and perianal areas

A

Apocrine sweat glands

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60
Q

Secretes waxy material in the ear

A

Ceruminous glands

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61
Q

Allows calcium absorption in intestines

A

Calcitriol

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62
Q

Calcium deficiency after closure of epiphyseal plates

A

Osteomalacia

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63
Q

Calcium deficiency before closure of epiphyseal plates

A

Rickets

64
Q

Vitamin d2

A

Ergocalciferol

65
Q

Vitamin d3

A

Cholecalciferol

66
Q

Most common skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

67
Q

Most common skin cancer in the oral cavity

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

68
Q

Deadliest skin cancer because of its high metastasis

A

Melanoma

69
Q

Nipple like elevations of the skin; less than 10mm

A

Papule

70
Q

Dome like projections of the skin that are greater than 10mm

A

Nodule

71
Q

Fluid filled but with developed Epithelial wall

A

Cyst

72
Q

Reddened, elevated itchy oatches usually seen in allergic reactions

A

Hives

73
Q

Warts caused by HPV infection

A

Common warts/Verruca Vulgaris

74
Q

How many adult bones

A

206

75
Q

How many bones in new born?

A

270-350

76
Q

The only bone cell that can undergo cell divisikn that is found along the periosteum and endosteum

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

77
Q

Responsible for bone deposition and secretes bone matrix called osteoid

A

Osteoblasts

78
Q

Mature bone cells and are found in space called lacunae

A

Osteocytes

79
Q

Macrophages of bone responsible for bone resorption

A

Osteoclasts

80
Q

Found at the center of haversian system or osteon

A

Haversian canal

81
Q

Immature bone that is fibrous is called

A

Woven bone

82
Q

Other name for of alveolar bone proper?

A

Bundle bone/cribriform plate

83
Q

Site of hematopoiesis in embryo

A

Yolk sac

84
Q

Site of hematopoiesis in fetus

A

Liver

85
Q

Site of hematopoiesis after birth

A

Red bone marrow

86
Q

Main bones involved in hematopoiesis in children

A

Long bones

87
Q

Main bones involved in hematopoiesis in adults

A

Skull, vertebra, sternum and pelvic

88
Q

Types of bone formation

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

89
Q

Most commonly fractured bone in the human body

A

Clavicle

90
Q

Most commonly fractured facial bone

A

Nasal bone

91
Q

What area is damaged during epistaxis or nose bleeding

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus

92
Q

Longest and strongest bome in the human body

A

Femur

93
Q

Smalles bone

A

Stapes

94
Q

Strongest bone in the head and neck

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

95
Q

Commonly fractured during CPR

A

Xiphoid process

96
Q

Most commonly dislocated joint in adults

A

Shoulder joint

97
Q

Most commonly dislocated joint on children

A

Elbow joint

98
Q

Largest carpal bone; head shape

A

Capitate

99
Q

Most commonly fractured carpal bone; boat shape

A

Scaphoid

100
Q

Boat shape tarsal bone

A

Navicular

101
Q

Largest tarsal bone

A

Calcaneus

102
Q

Ankle bone

A

Talus

103
Q

3 structures of the nasal septum

A

Vomer, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and Septal cartilage

104
Q

Curled shelf of bone found in nasal cavity

A

Conchas/turbinates

105
Q

Nasal passageways located inferiorly to choncas

A

Meatus

106
Q

4 paired air-filled spaces that sorrounds the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

107
Q

Largest paranasal sinus

A

Maxillary sinus

108
Q

How to confirm oro-antral commmunication in the maxillary sinus?

A

Valsalva test

109
Q

Procedure done to add bone between sinus abd alveolar bone

A

Sinus lift

110
Q

Best radiograph to assess maxillary sinus

A

Water’s view

111
Q

Technique used to open maxillary sinus through the canine fossa

A

Caldwell luc technique

112
Q

Sinus seen only when CBCT or lateral cephalogram is performed

A

Sphenoidal sinus

113
Q

Junction of the mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of temporal bone

A

Temporomandibular Joint

114
Q

Envelops the TMJ

A

Capsule

115
Q

Prevents posterior displacement of Mandible

A

Lateral temporomandibular ligament

116
Q

Stabilizer of mandible

A

Sphenomandibular ligament

117
Q

A biconcave disc made of fibrocartilage which divides the TMJ to superior and inferior compartments

A

Articular disc/meniscus

118
Q

Compartment for Hinge or rotational movements

A

Inferior compartment

119
Q

Compartment for protrusion,retrusion and bennet movement (sliding)

A

Superior compartment

120
Q

Compartment for limited mouth opening

A

Inferior compartment

121
Q

Compartment for excessive mouth opening

A

Superior compartment

122
Q

Area of loose connective tissue attached to the posterior portion of the meniscus; it is highly vascularized and innervated

A

Retrodiscal tissue (posterior portion)

123
Q

Thinnest portion

A

Middle portion

124
Q

Located between the condyle and the coronoid process

A

Mandibular notch

125
Q

Attachment for Temporalis muscle

A

Coronoid process

126
Q

Attachment for the sphenomandibular ligament

A

Lingula

127
Q

Most common area for cleft lip

A

Left side

128
Q

Best time for treatment of cleft palate

A

12-18 months of age

129
Q

Cleft of hard palate is known as

A

Uranoschisis

130
Q

Cleft of soft palate is known as..

A

Staphyloschisis

131
Q

Heart shaped vertebrae

A

Thoracic vertebrae

132
Q

Kidney or bean shaped vertebrae

A

Lumbar

133
Q

Has the most prominent spinous process

A

C7

134
Q

An area common for c1 to c6 vertebrae which serves as passage for vertebral artery

A

Transverse foramen

135
Q

Non movable joint movement

A

Synarthroses

136
Q

Slightly movable joint movement

A

Amphiarthroses

137
Q

Freely movable joint movement

A

Diarthroses

138
Q

Excessive growth hormone after epiphyseal closure

A

Acromegaly

139
Q

Excessive growth hor.one before epiphyseal plate closure

A

Gigantism

140
Q

Dwarfism due to decreased cartilage development in the body

A

Achondroplastic dwarfism (achondroplasia)

141
Q

Dwarfism due to decreased growth hormone secretion

A

Pituitary dwarfism

142
Q

Excessive porosity of bone due to rapid resorption of bone

A

Osteoporosis

143
Q

Drug of choice for patients with osteoporosis

A

Biphosphonates (antiresorptive drug)

144
Q

Most common form of arthritis due to aging where there is articular cartilage degeneration

A

Osteoarthritis

145
Q

Autoimmune disorder where the immune cells attack articular cartilage

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

146
Q

There is crystallization that is trapped in joints

A

Gout

147
Q

Compunds causing the crystallization of joints?

A

Uric acid and sodium

148
Q

Nitrogen bases involved in uric acid formation

A

Purines

149
Q

Pathognomonic sign of Gout

A

Tophi bodies

150
Q

Uric acid crystals in nephron are called

A

Nephrolites

151
Q

Thoracic curvature; hunchback

A

Kyphosis

152
Q

Lumbar curvature; hollowback

A

Lordosis

153
Q

Lateral curvature, s shaped spine

A

Scoliosis

154
Q

Cotton wool appearance, jigsaw puzzle, mosaic pattern, increase in alkaline phosphatase in serum

A

Osteitis deformans (Pagets Disease of bone)

155
Q

Bone infection due to Staphylococcus aureus; moth eaten appearance

A

Osteomyelitis

Dent Reviewer (8 decks)

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