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Dent Reviewer > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Non striated and involuntary muscles

A

Smooth muscles

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2
Q

Striated and voluntary muscles

A

Skeletal muscles

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3
Q

Striated and involuntary muscles

A

Cardiac muscles

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4
Q

The only mature muscle cell that can divide (limited)

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

What connects cardiac muscle dells together?

A

Intercalated discs

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6
Q

Middle layer of faschia that covers the fascicle.

A

Perimysium

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7
Q

Outermost layer of faschia which covers the muscle belly

A

Epimysium

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8
Q

Innermost faschia whicj covers muscle cells or fiber

A

Endomysium

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9
Q

Protein in thin filaments

A

Actin

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10
Q

Protein in thick filaments

A

Myosin

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11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers which acts as storage of calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Dilated end sacks of SR

A

Terminal cisterns

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13
Q

These are mainly stored in liver and skeletal muscles

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

Proteins that binds to oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the muscle

A

Myoglobin

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15
Q

Largest protein of the body and is found in muscles

A

Titin

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16
Q

Functional or contractile unit of muscles; from z discs to another z discs

A

Sarcomere

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17
Q

Separares 1 sarcomere to another and are attachment sites for thin filaments

A

Z discs

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18
Q

Contains thick but no thin filaments

A

H zone

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19
Q

Passes in the middle of H zone

A

M line

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20
Q

Area where the thick and thin filamnet overlap

A

A band

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21
Q

Area where only the thin filaments and present

A

I band

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22
Q

Passes in the middle of light band

A

Z discs

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23
Q

Passes in the middle of dark band

A

M-line

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24
Q

Blocks the myosin binding sites in relax muscles

A

Tropomyosin

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25
Q

Holds the tropomysoin in place and the binding site of calcium to allow displacemnet of the tropomyosin

A

Troponin

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26
Q

What stimulates voltage gated calciumnchannels to open?

A

Action potential

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27
Q

It causes the release of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junction

A

Calcium influx

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28
Q

A process where sodium enters the muscle fiber which creates an action potential along sarcolemma and T tubules

A

Depolarization

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29
Q

What binds to troponin for the initiation of the sliding filament mechanism of muscle

A

Calcium

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30
Q

Myosin heads attach to actin

A

Cross bridging

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31
Q

What breaks down acetylcholine after it binds to nicotinic receptors

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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32
Q

Muscles are in state of rigidity due to cross bridging and due to loss of atp

A

Rigor mortis

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33
Q

Prevents the release of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction

A

Botulinum toxin

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34
Q

A poisonous plant which blocks Ach receptors

A

Curare (sympathomimetic)

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35
Q

Drug which binds to Ach receptors resulta to muscle paralysis

A

Succinylcholine

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36
Q

Atp production which uses creatine phosphate

A

Direct phosphorylation

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37
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate becomes ____ and accumulates in the muscle.

A

Lactic acid

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38
Q

The by product of Aerobic glycolysis

A

36-38 atp, h2O and CO2

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39
Q

Glucolysis and creatine phosphorylation happens in what part of the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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40
Q

Krebbs cycle happens what part of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

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41
Q

Aka red muscle fibers; produces slow and weak contractions but are resistant to fatigue

A

Slow oxidative fibers

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42
Q

Intermediate fibers

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic fibers

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43
Q

Aka white muscle fibers; produces fast and strong contractions, but not resistant to fatigue

A

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

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44
Q

Connect ends of cardiac muscles together

A

Intercalated discs

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45
Q

What 2 cellular juncions are found between cardiac muscle cells?

A

Gap junction and desmosomes

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46
Q

Where does calcium bind in smooth muscle tissues for contraction?

A

Calmodulin

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47
Q

Scalp muscles are innervated by..

A

CN VII (Facial Nerve)

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48
Q

Moves scalp posteriorly

A

Occipitalis

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49
Q

Moves scalp anteriorly

50
Q

Raises eyebrows

51
Q

Aponeurosis in the head; connects Occipitalis and Frontalis

A

Galea Aponeurotica

52
Q

Mouth muscles are innervated by what cranial nerve?

A

CN VII (Facial Nerve)

53
Q

Closes lips; kissing; pouting (major)

A

Orbicularis oris

54
Q

Elevates the angle of the mouth

A

Levator anguli oris

55
Q

Muscles that elevate the upper lip

A

Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris ala que nasi
Levator labii superioris

56
Q

Depresses lower lip

A

Depressor labii inferioris

57
Q

Depresses angle of the mouth

A

Depressor anguli oris

58
Q

Presses cheeks; whistling, blowing, sucking, kissing (major)

A

Buccinator

59
Q

Keeps food away from the vestibular area

A

Buccinator

60
Q

Moves angle of mouth laterally; fake or sardonic smile; grimace

61
Q

Protrudes lower lip; causes wrinkling of skin; pouting

62
Q

Neck muscles are innervated with what cranial nerve

A

CN VII (Facial nerve)

63
Q

Depresses the lower lip and mandible; grimace (major)

64
Q

Orbit and eyebrow muscles are innervated by what cranial nerve

A

CN VII (Facial nerve)

65
Q

Closes the eye

A

Orbicularis oculi

66
Q

Moves eyebrows inferiorly; wrinkles forehead; frowning

A

Corrugator supercilii

67
Q

Moves eyeballs inferiorly and laterally

A

Superior oblique

68
Q

Moves eyeballs laterally

A

Lateral rectus

69
Q

Moves eyeballs superiorly

A

Superior rectus

70
Q

Moves eyeballs inferiorly

A

Inferior rectus

71
Q

Moves eyeballs medially

A

Medial rectus

72
Q

Moves eyeballs superiorly and laterally

A

Inferior oblique

73
Q

Elevates eyelids

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

74
Q

Innervation of superior oblique

A

CN IV (Trochlear Nerve)

75
Q

Innervation of the lateral rectus

A

CN VI (Abducens Nerve)

76
Q

Innervation of the inferior oblique

A

CN III (Oculomotor Nerve)

77
Q

Innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

CN III (Oculomotor nerve)

78
Q

Innervates the muscle of mastication

A

CN V (Trigeminal nerve)

79
Q

Origin and insertion of Temporalis muscle

A

Origin: Temporal bone
Insertion: Coronoid and Ramus of the mandible (lateral side)

80
Q

Action of the anterior fibers of the Temporalis muscle

A

Elevate the mandible

81
Q

Action of the posterior fibers of the temporalis muscle

82
Q

Origin and insertion of the Internal Pterygoid Muscle (Medial Pterygoid)

A

Origin: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: Angle and Ramus of the mandible (medial side)

83
Q

Action of the Internal Pterygoid (Medial Pterygoid)

A

Elevates the mandible; moves mandible side to side

84
Q

Origin and insertion of Masseter

A

Origin: Maxilla and Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Angle and Ramus of the mandible (lateral side)

85
Q

Action of the masseter

A

Elevates mandible

86
Q

Origin and insertion of External Pterygoid (Lateral Pterygoid)

A

Origin: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: Condyle/TMJ

87
Q

Action of the External Pterygoid (Lateral Pterygoid)

A

Protrudes mandible, depresses mandible ; moves mandible side to side

88
Q

What is the major muscoe for mouth opening?

A

Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

89
Q

What innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

CN VII (Facial Nerve)

90
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus, Styloglossus, Hyoglossus and Palatoglossus

91
Q

Innervation and action of Genioglossus

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)/moves tongue inferiorly and anteriorly, pulls tongue to opposite side

92
Q

Innervation and action of styloglossus

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)/ moves tongue superiorly and posteriorly

93
Q

Innervation and movement of Hyoglossus

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)/moves tongue inferiorly

94
Q

Innervation and movement of Palatoglossus

A

Pharyngeal plexus, CN IX,X,XI/ Moves tongue superiorly towards palate and moves palate inferiorly towards tongue.

95
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by what nerve?

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)

96
Q

Flattens and broadens tongue

A

Vertical fibers

97
Q

Shortens and thickens tongue

A

Inferior longitudinal fibers

98
Q

Elongates and narrows tongue

A

Transverse fibers

99
Q

Shortens and thickens tongue

A

Superior longitudinal fibers

100
Q

Origin and insertion of intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Origin: tongue
Insertion: tongue

101
Q

Changes the shape of the tongue

A

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

102
Q

Moves the tongue

A

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

103
Q

What are the suprahyiod muscles

A

Digastric muscle
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

104
Q

Innervation of the mylohyoid

A

CN V3 (Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve)

105
Q

Innervates the stylohyoid muscle

A

CN VII (Facial Nerve)

106
Q

Action of the suprahyoid muscles

A

Depresses mandible and elevates hyoid

107
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

108
Q

Action of all infrahyoid muscle

A

Depresses hyoid

109
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles and their action?

A

Supraspinatus-medial rotation
Infraspinatus-lateral rotation
Teres minor-lateral rotation
Teres major-medial rotation

110
Q

What are the hamstring muscles

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

111
Q

Innervation of the hamstring muscles

A

Sciatic nerve

112
Q

Action of the hamstring muscles

A

Flex the legs

113
Q

What are the quadriceps muscles?

A

Rectus Femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

114
Q

Action of the quadriceps muscles

A

Extension of the legs

115
Q

Innervation of the quadriceps muscles

A

Femoral nerve

116
Q

Muscle adaptation where there is healing with fibrous scar tissue

117
Q

Pathologic or physiologic enlargement of muscle fibers

A

Muscular hypertrophy

118
Q

Muscular adaptation where there is an increase in number of fibers

A

Muscular hyperplasia

119
Q

Muscle wasting or loss of myofibrils

A

Muscular atrophy

120
Q

Wry neck; due to contraction of Sternocleidomastoid

A

Torticolis

121
Q

Abnormal, random, spontaneous muscle contractions

A

Fibrilation

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