Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
Non striated and involuntary muscles
A
Smooth muscles
2
Q
Striated and voluntary muscles
A
Skeletal muscles
3
Q
Striated and involuntary muscles
A
Cardiac muscles
4
Q
The only mature muscle cell that can divide (limited)
A
Smooth muscle
5
Q
What connects cardiac muscle dells together?
A
Intercalated discs
6
Q
Middle layer of faschia that covers the fascicle.
A
Perimysium
7
Q
Outermost layer of faschia which covers the muscle belly
A
Epimysium
8
Q
Innermost faschia whicj covers muscle cells or fiber
A
Endomysium
9
Q
Protein in thin filaments
A
Actin
10
Q
Protein in thick filaments
A
Myosin
11
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers which acts as storage of calcium
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
12
Q
Dilated end sacks of SR
A
Terminal cisterns
13
Q
These are mainly stored in liver and skeletal muscles
A
Glycogen
14
Q
Proteins that binds to oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the muscle
A
Myoglobin
15
Q
Largest protein of the body and is found in muscles
A
Titin
16
Q
Functional or contractile unit of muscles; from z discs to another z discs
A
Sarcomere
17
Q
Separares 1 sarcomere to another and are attachment sites for thin filaments
A
Z discs
18
Q
Contains thick but no thin filaments
A
H zone
19
Q
Passes in the middle of H zone
A
M line
20
Q
Area where the thick and thin filamnet overlap
A
A band
21
Q
Area where only the thin filaments and present
A
I band
22
Q
Passes in the middle of light band
A
Z discs
23
Q
Passes in the middle of dark band
A
M-line
24
Q
Blocks the myosin binding sites in relax muscles
A
Tropomyosin
25
Holds the tropomysoin in place and the binding site of calcium to allow displacemnet of the tropomyosin
Troponin
26
What stimulates voltage gated calciumnchannels to open?
Action potential
27
It causes the release of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junction
Calcium influx
28
A process where sodium enters the muscle fiber which creates an action potential along sarcolemma and T tubules
Depolarization
29
What binds to troponin for the initiation of the sliding filament mechanism of muscle
Calcium
30
Myosin heads attach to actin
Cross bridging
31
What breaks down acetylcholine after it binds to nicotinic receptors
Acetylcholinesterase
32
Muscles are in state of rigidity due to cross bridging and due to loss of atp
Rigor mortis
33
Prevents the release of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction
Botulinum toxin
34
A poisonous plant which blocks Ach receptors
Curare (sympathomimetic)
35
Drug which binds to Ach receptors resulta to muscle paralysis
Succinylcholine
36
Atp production which uses creatine phosphate
Direct phosphorylation
37
In anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate becomes ____ and accumulates in the muscle.
Lactic acid
38
The by product of Aerobic glycolysis
36-38 atp, h2O and CO2
39
Glucolysis and creatine phosphorylation happens in what part of the cell?
Cytoplasm
40
Krebbs cycle happens what part of the cell?
Mitochondria
41
Aka red muscle fibers; produces slow and weak contractions but are resistant to fatigue
Slow oxidative fibers
42
Intermediate fibers
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic fibers
43
Aka white muscle fibers; produces fast and strong contractions, but not resistant to fatigue
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
44
Connect ends of cardiac muscles together
Intercalated discs
45
What 2 cellular juncions are found between cardiac muscle cells?
Gap junction and desmosomes
46
Where does calcium bind in smooth muscle tissues for contraction?
Calmodulin
47
Scalp muscles are innervated by..
CN VII (Facial Nerve)
48
Moves scalp posteriorly
Occipitalis
49
Moves scalp anteriorly
Frontalis
50
Raises eyebrows
Frontalis
51
Aponeurosis in the head; connects Occipitalis and Frontalis
Galea Aponeurotica
52
Mouth muscles are innervated by what cranial nerve?
CN VII (Facial Nerve)
53
Closes lips; kissing; pouting (major)
Orbicularis oris
54
Elevates the angle of the mouth
Levator anguli oris
55
Muscles that elevate the upper lip
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris ala que nasi
Levator labii superioris
56
Depresses lower lip
Depressor labii inferioris
57
Depresses angle of the mouth
Depressor anguli oris
58
Presses cheeks; whistling, blowing, sucking, kissing (major)
Buccinator
59
Keeps food away from the vestibular area
Buccinator
60
Moves angle of mouth laterally; fake or sardonic smile; grimace
Risorius
61
Protrudes lower lip; causes wrinkling of skin; pouting
Mentalis
62
Neck muscles are innervated with what cranial nerve
CN VII (Facial nerve)
63
Depresses the lower lip and mandible; grimace (major)
Platysma
64
Orbit and eyebrow muscles are innervated by what cranial nerve
CN VII (Facial nerve)
65
Closes the eye
Orbicularis oculi
66
Moves eyebrows inferiorly; wrinkles forehead; frowning
Corrugator supercilii
67
Moves eyeballs inferiorly and laterally
Superior oblique
68
Moves eyeballs laterally
Lateral rectus
69
Moves eyeballs superiorly
Superior rectus
70
Moves eyeballs inferiorly
Inferior rectus
71
Moves eyeballs medially
Medial rectus
72
Moves eyeballs superiorly and laterally
Inferior oblique
73
Elevates eyelids
Levator palpebrae superioris
74
Innervation of superior oblique
CN IV (Trochlear Nerve)
75
Innervation of the lateral rectus
CN VI (Abducens Nerve)
76
Innervation of the inferior oblique
CN III (Oculomotor Nerve)
77
Innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris
CN III (Oculomotor nerve)
78
Innervates the muscle of mastication
CN V (Trigeminal nerve)
79
Origin and insertion of Temporalis muscle
Origin: Temporal bone
Insertion: Coronoid and Ramus of the mandible (lateral side)
80
Action of the anterior fibers of the Temporalis muscle
Elevate the mandible
81
Action of the posterior fibers of the temporalis muscle
Retrusion
82
Origin and insertion of the Internal Pterygoid Muscle (Medial Pterygoid)
Origin: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: Angle and Ramus of the mandible (medial side)
83
Action of the Internal Pterygoid (Medial Pterygoid)
Elevates the mandible; moves mandible side to side
84
Origin and insertion of Masseter
Origin: Maxilla and Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Angle and Ramus of the mandible (lateral side)
85
Action of the masseter
Elevates mandible
86
Origin and insertion of External Pterygoid (Lateral Pterygoid)
Origin: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: Condyle/TMJ
87
Action of the External Pterygoid (Lateral Pterygoid)
Protrudes mandible, depresses mandible ; moves mandible side to side
88
What is the major muscoe for mouth opening?
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
89
What innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
CN VII (Facial Nerve)
90
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus, Styloglossus, Hyoglossus and Palatoglossus
91
Innervation and action of Genioglossus
CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)/moves tongue inferiorly and anteriorly, pulls tongue to opposite side
92
Innervation and action of styloglossus
CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)/ moves tongue superiorly and posteriorly
93
Innervation and movement of Hyoglossus
CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)/moves tongue inferiorly
94
Innervation and movement of Palatoglossus
Pharyngeal plexus, CN IX,X,XI/ Moves tongue superiorly towards palate and moves palate inferiorly towards tongue.
95
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by what nerve?
CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)
96
Flattens and broadens tongue
Vertical fibers
97
Shortens and thickens tongue
Inferior longitudinal fibers
98
Elongates and narrows tongue
Transverse fibers
99
Shortens and thickens tongue
Superior longitudinal fibers
100
Origin and insertion of intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Origin: tongue
Insertion: tongue
101
Changes the shape of the tongue
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
102
Moves the tongue
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
103
What are the suprahyiod muscles
Digastric muscle
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
104
Innervation of the mylohyoid
CN V3 (Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve)
105
Innervates the stylohyoid muscle
CN VII (Facial Nerve)
106
Action of the suprahyoid muscles
Depresses mandible and elevates hyoid
107
What are the infrahyoid muscles
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
108
Action of all infrahyoid muscle
Depresses hyoid
109
What are the rotator cuff muscles and their action?
Supraspinatus-medial rotation
Infraspinatus-lateral rotation
Teres minor-lateral rotation
Teres major-medial rotation
110
What are the hamstring muscles
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
111
Innervation of the hamstring muscles
Sciatic nerve
112
Action of the hamstring muscles
Flex the legs
113
What are the quadriceps muscles?
Rectus Femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
114
Action of the quadriceps muscles
Extension of the legs
115
Innervation of the quadriceps muscles
Femoral nerve
116
Muscle adaptation where there is healing with fibrous scar tissue
Fibrosis
117
Pathologic or physiologic enlargement of muscle fibers
Muscular hypertrophy
118
Muscular adaptation where there is an increase in number of fibers
Muscular hyperplasia
119
Muscle wasting or loss of myofibrils
Muscular atrophy
120
Wry neck; due to contraction of Sternocleidomastoid
Torticolis
121
Abnormal, random, spontaneous muscle contractions
Fibrilation
