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PT 6282: Cardiopulmonary Physiology & Rehabilitation > Nervous Regulation of Circulation & Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Nervous Regulation of Circulation & Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

The Global Functions of the ANS include

  1. Blood flow ____
  2. Altering the ____ activity of the heart
  3. ___ control of arterial pressure
A

Redistribution
Pumping
Rapid

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2
Q

The ANS has significant control over the circulatory system and composed of which 2 nervous systems?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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3
Q

What vasomotor center of the brain receives information mainly thru the vagi and glossopharyngeal nerves?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius

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4
Q

Innervation of _____ and _____ allows sympathetic stimulation to ___ resistance to blood flow and thereby decrease the rate of blood flow thru tissues

A

small arteries; arterioles

increase

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5
Q

Innervation of the ____ allows for sympathetic stimulation to ___ the volume of vessels and push blood back ____

A

veins
decrease
to the heart

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6
Q

Parasympathetic innervation’s most important circulatory effect is to control the ___ by way of ___ nerves

A

HR; vagi

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7
Q

Depression of the vasomotor center of the brain can cause the loss of vasomotor tone of blood vessels, resulting in massive ____ of veins. This will result in a condition called as ________.

A

dilation; neurogenic shock

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8
Q

Vasomotor center transmits signals to the sympathetic ______ nerve fibers to create VC tone

A

vasoconstrictor

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9
Q

What condition can occur as a result of losing vasomotor tone?

A

neurogenic shock

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10
Q

Sympathetic Nerve ANS control to HEART includes the neurotransmitters ____ and ____ binding onto ___ receptors

A

NE & Epi

B1

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11
Q

Sympathetic Nerve ANS control to the BLOOD VESSELS has a variety of options:

  1. NE & Epi: ___ Receptors
  2. NE: ___ Receptors
  3. Epi: ___ Receptors*

*= in ___ muscles only (vasodilation)

A

A2

A1

B2
Skeletal

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12
Q

In Adrenal Medulla ANS control to the heart and blood vessels, NE & Epi bind to ___ receptors on the heart and ___ receptors* in the blood

  • = in ___ muscles only (vasodilation)
A

B1

B2
Skeletal

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13
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of the ___ nerve releases neurotransmitter ___ to bind to ___ receptors on the heart

A

vagus
Ach
M2

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14
Q

Vaso____ response does NOT appear to play a major role in skeletal muscle

A

dilator

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15
Q

It is suggested that the _____ system might cause initial vasodilation in skeletal muscle to allow an anticipator ___ in blood flow

A

sympathetic; increase

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16
Q

____ and other metabolites are more likely to contribute to vasodilation

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

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17
Q

What is the emotional response that causes fainting called?

A

Vasovagal Syncope

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18
Q

How does the Vasovagal Syncope response occur through the brain and body?

  1. ____ cortex
  2. ____ hypothalamus –> splits: A and B

A: inhibition of the ____ nervous system occurs
B: Vagi nerves to the ____

A

Cerebral
Anterior

Sympathetic
Heart

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19
Q

The overall effect of vasovagal syncope is a ___ in HR and a ____ in BP

A

decrease; decrease

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20
Q

The role of the nervous system in controlling BP is important for causing rapid ____ in arterial pressure

A

increases

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21
Q

3 major changes occur simultaneously for the nervous system to control BP:

  1. (most) arterioles of systemic circulation are _____
  2. ____ are strongly constricted
  3. Heart is stimulated directly by the ___ which further enhances cardiac ___
A

constricted
Veins
ANS; pumping

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22
Q

Reciprocal inhibition of the ____ nervous system signals to the heart

A

parasympathetic

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23
Q

The Baroreceptor Reflex is considered a ____ feedback system

A

negative

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24
Q

Circulatory reflex initiated by Baroreceptors:

  1. ___ in pressure sensed by baroreceptors
  2. Baroreceptors send signals to the ___ of the medulla
  3. Secondary signals ____ sympathetic activity and ___ parasympathetic activity
A

Increase
NTS
inhibits; excites

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25
Q

What are the NET effects of Baroreceptor Reflex?

  1. Vaso____ of veins/arterioles thru out peripheral circulatory system
  2. ____ HR and strength of contraction
A

dilation

decreased

26
Q

An increase in ARTERIAL pressure is caused by what reflex?

A

Carotid Sinus Reflex

27
Q

If you occlude the common carotids, you reduce the signal from the baroreceptors and there is ___ inhibition to the vasomotor center which ___ sympathetic activity. The overall result is ____ pressure increase

A

LESS
increases
Atrial

28
Q

Baroreceptors can be considered a “buffer” function because they allow powerful moment-to-moment control of what?

A

arterial pressure

29
Q

Baroreceptor system opposes either

A

increases or decreases

30
Q

The primary purpose of the baroreceptor system is to reduce the minute-by-minute variation in ____ pressure to about ____ of that which would occur if it was not present

A

arterial

1/3

31
Q

The Cardiopulmonary Reflex is caused by _____ sensitive ____ receptors in the atria and pulmonary walls

A

mechanically; stretch

32
Q

The Cardiopulmonary Reflex is important for minimizing arterial pressure changes in response to what?

A

changes in blood volume

33
Q

The Cardiopulmonary Reflex is elicited in parallel to the Baroreceptor reflexes to make the total reflex system more potent for control of what?

A

arterial pressure

34
Q

If there is a sudden increase in plasma volume, Cardiopulmonary Reflex receptors will activate and send signals thru the ___ to the ___ in order to DECREASE blood pressure

A

Vagi –> NTS

35
Q

If there is a DRASTIC increase in Blood Pressure, what receptors will initially fire at a rapid rate?

A

baroreceptors

36
Q

Baroreceptors need to reset ___ days following the high pressure levels to which they were exposed

37
Q

Baroreflex may mediate a ____ in renal sympathetic nerve activity which will promote ___ excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys

A

decrease

increased

38
Q

Chemoreflexes are both ____ and ____

A

peripheral and central

39
Q

Peripheral Chemoreflexes include the ____ bodies, sense changes in ___ (hypoxia)

A

carotid

O2

40
Q

Central Chemoreflexes include the _____ and sense changes in ___ and ____ ions

A

brainstem

CO2; H+

41
Q

Chemoreceptors are NOT a powerful controller of arterial pressure until it drops below ___mmHg

42
Q

Once the MAP drops below 80mmHg, what reflex kicks in to prevent further decline in pressure?

A

Chemoreflex

43
Q

Volume Reflex is when stretch of the ___ causes reflex ____ of the afferent arterioles in the ___

A

atria
dilation
kidneys

44
Q

With Volume Reflex, the atria sends signals to the ____ to decrease secretion of ___ which thus reduces the ____ of water from the tubules

A

hypothalamus
ADH
reabsorption

45
Q

Volume Reflex causes a decrease in ___ arteriolar resistance in kidneys which will ___ glomerular capillary pressure and subsequently ____ filtration of fluid into kidney tubules

A

afferent
increase
increase

46
Q

What is the overall outcome of Volume Reflex?

___ fluid loss by kidneys and ____ the increased blood volume back to normal

A

INCREASES; reduces

47
Q

The Bainbridge Reflex is the ____ reflex control of the heart

48
Q

The effect of Bainbridge Reflex is ____ atrial volume which will stretch the ____ node

A

increased

sinus

49
Q

(Bainbridge Reflex):

___ signals through the vagi nerve to the ____

A

Afferent; medulla

50
Q

(Bainbridge Reflex):

___ signals transmit back through the vagi and sympathetic nerves to ___ HR and strength of contraction

A

efferent; increase

51
Q

What reflex causes the heart rate to increase by as much as 15%?

A

Bainbridge Reflex

52
Q

Exercise Pressor Reflex causes the ____ or maintenance of blood pressure during exercise

53
Q

What reflex signals group III/IV skeletal muscle afferent nerves to the vasomotor center in the medulla?

A

Exercise Pressor Reflex

54
Q

Mechano/Metabo receptors in the skeletal muscle that respond to muscle stretch changes in the interstitial volume, intramuscular pressure and build up of metabolites during exercise belong to which reflex?

A

Exercise Pressor Reflex

55
Q

What is the CNS Ischemic Response?

A

ARTERIAL pressure increase due to cerebral ischemia

56
Q

What reflex can elevate the MAP dramatically, sometimes as high as 250mmHg for as long as 10 minutes due to its job as the emergency pressure control system?

A

CNS ischemic response

57
Q

What reflex is one of the most powerful of all activators of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor system?

A

CNS ischemic response

58
Q

What is the outcome of CNS ischemic response reflex?

A

increase in blood pressure (dramatic)

59
Q

There is sympathetic innervation of arterioles, arteries, venules, and veins but not what?

A

capillaries

60
Q

____ innervation is MOST important for controlling HR

A

parasympathetic

61
Q

What are the 6 regulators/reflexes for blood pressure?

A
  1. Sympathetic Control
  2. Arterial and Carotid Baroreflex
  3. Cardiopulmonary Baroreflex
  4. Volume Reflex
  5. Exercise Pressor Reflex
  6. Chemoreflex
62
Q

The NTS is the main central ____ center and is located in the ____

A

integration; brainstem

PT 6282: Cardiopulmonary Physiology & Rehabilitation (14 decks)

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