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PT 6282: Cardiopulmonary Physiology & Rehabilitation > Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reduction of tonic contractile tension called?

A

Vasodilation

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2
Q

During exercise, what increases in order to allow blood flow to reach the working muscle better?

A

vessel diameter

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3
Q

Most changes occur at the level of the ____ during exercise for vasodilation

A

arterioles

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4
Q

The primary mechanisms for vasodilation include

  1. ____ vasodilators
  2. ___ stress to release NO from the ___ cells
A

increases

shear; endothelial

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5
Q

What 4 main vasodilators are mentioned as primary mechanisms for vasodilation?

A
  1. Adenosine
  2. Potassium
  3. CO2
  4. Lactic Acid
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6
Q

What vasodilator increases PKA, decreases cytosolic free calcium and decreases MLCK ?

A

adenosine

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7
Q

What vasodilator(s) increase hyperpolarization and decreases cytosolic free calcium?

A

Potassium
Co2
Lactic Acid

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8
Q

What type of feedback loop is shear stress and NO?

A

Negative

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9
Q

Local vasodilation ____ shear stress, which increases the endothelial ___ synthase activity

A

increases; NO

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10
Q

NO activates ___ cyclase which increases c___ production

A

guanylyl

cGMP

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11
Q

What does cGMP activate?

A

PKG, which has similar effects to PKA

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction occurs within ____ and shunts blood to working muscle in order to maintain ____

A

internal organs; blood pressure

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13
Q

Small changes in the ___ inner diameter makes a large difference in blood flow

A

arteriole’s

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14
Q

Muscle cells consume ___ and create waste byproducts like ___

A

Oxygen; CO2

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15
Q

As muscle work longer/harder, they need more oxygen to create more ___. This increases the ___ rate and ___ to exercising muscles

A

ATP; respiration; blood flow

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16
Q

An increased demand for systemic oxygen consumption (VO2) are met according to which equation?

A

Fick Equation

VO2 = [HR x SV] x (A-V O2 Difference)

VO2 = CO x (AV O2 Difference)

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17
Q

The A-V O2 difference is the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood and ___ with increasing rates of exercise as tissue oxygen uptake increases

A

increases

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18
Q

What is your CO at rest?

A

4-6 L/min

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19
Q

How do you determine Stroke Volume? What is it influenced by (3)?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

influenced by preload/afterload/contractility

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20
Q

SV increases EARLY during acute exercise and reaches its maximum around __-__% VO2 Max

A

40-50%

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21
Q

As parasympathetic activity increases, HR ____

A

decreases

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22
Q

As sympathetic activity increases, HR ____

A

increases

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23
Q

HR increases with activity continuously until what is achieved?

A

VO2 Max

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24
Q

During exercise, there is an initial withdrawal of ___ (parasympathetic) activity followed by an addition of ____ sympathetic drive to pacemaker cells

A

vagal

increase

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25
Q

Pacemaker cells during exercise ___ K+ conductance, ___ depolarizing inward (Na+) currents, which brings the SA node membrane potential to threshold rapidly

A

decreases

increasing

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26
Q

Exercise increases the rate of spontaneous SA node _____

A

depolarization

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27
Q

BP = CO x _____

A

total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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28
Q

What is a health resting BP?

A

120/<80mmHg

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29
Q

With acute CV exercise, systolic BP _____ in proportion to increased intensity, while diastolic BP changes ____ REGARDLESS of intensity

A

increases; very little

30
Q

Cardiovascular response is directly proportional to the ___ demands of the skeletal muscle during exercise

A

O2

31
Q

Aerobic exercise uses ___ as the main fuel source whereas Anaerobic exercise uses ____ and ____ as primary fuel sources

A

oxygen

phosphocreatine and CHO

32
Q

Over time, most changes from exercise adaptation occur via _____ efficiency and muscle _____ diameter

A

neuromuscular

cross-sectional

33
Q

___ ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of myocardial tissue) occurs from training as a result of ___ overload

A

Left; pressure

34
Q

T/F: The Metabolic Vasodilator activity significantly changes as a result of exercise

A

false; does NOT change significantly

35
Q

Muscle conduit arteries expand with training. Example, the femoral artery of a trained athlete has a 7-9% WIDER lumen and THINNER wall compared to an untrained individual. This is known as what?

A

local arterial expansion

36
Q

With training, the capillary density of trained muscles _____ as a result of capillary angiogenesis

A

increase

37
Q

With training, blood volume ____ due to an increase in ____

A

increases; plasma volume

38
Q

There is more plasma in the blood with trained individuals due to an increase in plasma ___ which cause more ___ to be retained in the blood

A

proteins; fluid

39
Q

With training, ___ volume INCREASES however, since there is also a greater increase of plasma volume, the total ____ DECREASES

A

Red Blood Cell

Hematocrit

40
Q

With training, blood viscosity ____ thus improving circulation and enhancing delivery of ____

A

decreases

oxygen

41
Q

What 4 changes in the blood help to increase VO2?

A
  1. Capillaries
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Hemoglobin
  4. Myoglobin
42
Q

What are the determinants of VO2?

A
  1. CO
  2. Workload
  3. Intensity
  4. Changes that increase VO2 (capillaries, mitochondria, hemoglobin, myoglobin)
43
Q

Endurance training ___ SV at REST and during submax and max exercise due to an increased heart/chamber size in the left ventricle which will stretch and fill more, enhancing its _____

A

increases

contractility

44
Q

HR adaptations to Training:

  1. Resting HR ____
  2. Submax HR ____
  3. Max HR _____ slightly
A

decreases
decreases
decreases

45
Q

A normal HR recovery with training is a decrease of greater than or equal to ___ beats within ONE minute of stopping exercise

A

12

46
Q

Higher CO is achieved post-training at ___ workloads due to an increased ____

A

maximal; SV

47
Q

Using the upper body during the same type of exercise causes a greater increase in what?

A

Blood Pressure

48
Q

During acute exercise, metabolically-induced increases in blood flow lead to arteriolar vaso_____ which increases the amount of _____ that are well perfused

A

dilation

capillaries

49
Q

With training, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ____ capillary angiogenesis

A

increases

50
Q

With training, capillary density increases from -/muscle fiber to __-__/muscle fiber

A

1-3

6-8

51
Q

Dynamic exercise is considered any movement that is ____

A

rhythmic

52
Q

HR, CO, VO2 (oxygen consumption) all increase _____ with exercise intensity up to ____

A

linearly; max

53
Q

There are ___ effects on arterial blood pressure with training

A

moderate

54
Q

In dynamic arm exercise, there is a ___% greater increase in ___ blood pressure than in dynamic leg exercises

A

10

arterial

55
Q

With training, total peripheral resistance goes ____ (uncommon with an increase in _____)

A

down

arterial blood pressure

56
Q

an increase in blood flow is called _____ and occurs with training

A

hyperemia

57
Q

Providing adequate ____ to support exercise-induced hyperemia is the primary driving force for most CV effects of dynamic exercise

A

CO

58
Q

The increase in bp by isometric exercise is far greater than the

A

metabolic cost of the exercise

59
Q

HR and BP is greater in _____ exercise when circulation and intensity are similar

A

isometric

60
Q

Increase in MAP is proportional to size of ___ and duration of ___ during isometric exercise

A

muscle; contraction

61
Q

What type of exercise never reaches a steady state?

A

isometric

62
Q

With isometric exercise, bp can increase

A

dramatically

63
Q

With isometric exercise, there is an increase of blood flow of __-__% of MVC (muscle flow increases with muscle relaxation)

A

30%

40-60%

64
Q

With isometric exercise, the respiratory response is that the hemodynamic parameters are ____ and there is systemic ____

A

normal

hypoxia

65
Q

With isometric exercise, CVD patients have normal levels of ____ oxygen and limited levels of ____

A

arterial

CO

66
Q

Mitral Stenosis causes a low ___, but max HR and max oxygen consumption are relatively ____

A

stroke volume; normal

67
Q

How do patients with Mitral Stenosis compensate for the effects of exercise?

A

at rest, increase their HR and oxygen consumption

68
Q

Mitral Stenosis impairs muscle ____

A

blood flow

69
Q

The Cardiovascular effects of dynamic exercise is driven by active muscles demand for ____, which increases the ___ from an increase in ____, blood flow and sympathetic tone

A

oxygen
CO
venous return

70
Q

Isometric exercise increases ____ and ____

A

HR; MAP

71
Q

In general, exercise effects may be limited by ___ transport

A

oxygen

PT 6282: Cardiopulmonary Physiology & Rehabilitation (14 decks)

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