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Histo - LEC > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

It is made up of closely packed cells that are separated by a very little amt of intercellular substance

A

Nervous tissue

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2
Q

Where did the nervous tissue arise

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

The nervous tissue in the CNS has CT. T/F

A

F (It has)

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5
Q

What are the cells of the nervous tissue

A 
Neurons (nerve cells)
Supporting Cells (neuroglial/glial cells)
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6
Q

It is the functional unit of the nervous tissue

A

Neurons

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7
Q

It exhibits irritability and conductivity

A

Neurons

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8
Q

It is characterized by the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord and the motor nuclei of the brain stem

A

Stellate Neurons

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9
Q

They are present in the cerebral cortex

A

Pyramidal Neurons

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10
Q

They are flask-shaped neurons

A

Purkinje cells

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11
Q

It is the cell body of a neuron

A

Perikaryon or soma

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12
Q

What are the process of neurons

A

Axon

Dendrites

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13
Q

It is a terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of cell division

A

Neurons

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14
Q

It is structurally the same as the cell membrane of other cell types

A

Neurolemma

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15
Q

How many nucleus does the neurons usually have

A

1

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16
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of a neuron

A

Large, spherical or ovoid

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17
Q

What are the organelles of neurons

A

ER, Golgi complex, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and centrosome

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18
Q

It is abundant throughout the perikaryon and are also found in dendrites but absent in axon

A

Nissl bodies (rER)

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19
Q

It is the area of the perikaryon where the axon originates

A

Axon hillock

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20
Q

This organelle is present in all neurons but is confined in the perikaryon

A

Golgi complex

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21
Q

An organelle is abundant in neurons and are generally smaller than those seen in other cell types; They can be mostly seen in the axon terminals

A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

It is also abundant in neurons and come in handy in recycling proteins

A

Lysosome

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23
Q

It an organelle that is consistently present in significant numbers; are smaller than other cells and prevent degeneration of the neuron

A

Peroxisomes

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24
Q

It is an organelle is atypical since it does not contain centrioles but is the source of the microtubules that the cells need

A

Centrosome

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25
Q

It is the most common inclusion in perikaryon

A

Fat droplets

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26
Q

What fat droplets are common

A

lipochrome

lipofuschin

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27
Q

What are the pigment granules present

A

melanin

iron

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28
Q

Where can melanin granules be seen

A

Substantia nigra
Locus coeruleus
Spinal and sympathetic ganglia

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29
Q

Where can iron granules be seen

A

Globus pallidus

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30
Q

What comprises the cytoskeleton of neurons

A

Mircrofilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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31
Q

What are the collection of fibrillar elements termed as

A

Neurofibrils

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32
Q

It is the intermediate filaments present in neurons

A

Neurofilaments

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33
Q

It is the term used to refer to microtubules in neurons

A

Neurotubules

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34
Q

Conducts impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

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35
Q

It carries impulses towards the cell body

A

Dendrite

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36
Q

It is only one process, 1 axon is present; exists in embryonic life

A

Unipolar

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37
Q

It is a single process but bifurcates; examples are sensory neurons

A

Pseudo unipolar

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38
Q

It is a single dendrite that arise at opposite poles of the cell body

A

Bipolar

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39
Q

It is numerous dendrites present. Most neurons are of this type

A

Multipolar

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40
Q

It receives and transmits stimuli to the CNS

A

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

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41
Q

It transmits impulses from the CNS to effector cells

A

Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

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42
Q

It conveys impulse from one neuron to another

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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43
Q

It makes up majority of neurons in the nervous system

A

Interneurons

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44
Q

Dendrites contain ____ but they do not have ______

A

Nissl bodies; Golgi complex

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45
Q

It is the axon that arise from a conical elevation on the perikaryon

A

Axon Hillock

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46
Q

Cytoplasm in the axon

A

Axoplasm

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47
Q

Cell membrane in the axon

A

Axolemma

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48
Q

Where are the longest axons found

A

Sciatic nerve

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49
Q

Round swelling of axon

A

Boutons (terminals)

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50
Q

Ends of axon

A

Terminal Boutons

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51
Q

Along the axon branches

A

Bouton en passant

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52
Q

It is the term used when substances can move along the axon

A

Axonal transport

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53
Q

What are the transport of axon

A

Anterograde

Rerograde

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54
Q

It involves movement of substances from the perikaryon to the axon terminals

A

Anterograde

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55
Q

It involves the transport of substances from the axon terminals to the perikaryon

A

Retrograde

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56
Q

Sheath of cells covering the axon

A

Neurilemmal Sheath

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57
Q

What is the term used for neurilemmal sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann sheath

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58
Q

It is the point of discontinuity between Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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59
Q

Material that envelopes fresh specimen but black in tissues fixed with osmium tetroxide

A

Myelin

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60
Q

It is the structure that forms around the axon which lies internal to the schwann sheath

A

Myelin sheath

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61
Q

What are the 2 kinds of axon

A

Myelinated

Unmyelinated

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62
Q

Point of separation of myelin sheath

A

Incisures

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63
Q

The CNS has Schwann cells. T/F

A

F

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64
Q

It is the counterpart of Schwann cells in the PNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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65
Q

Myelin sheath + basal lamina

A

Nerve fiber

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66
Q

It is the envelope of a connective tissue

A

Endoneurium

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67
Q

It is the point of contact between a neuron and another neuron

A

Synapse

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68
Q

What are the types of synapse

A

Electrical

Cheminal

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69
Q

It is the kind of synapse that occur rarely

A

Electrical synapse

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70
Q

What does the electrical synapse consists of

A

Gap junctions

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71
Q

It is more common than the other type of synapse

A

Chemical synapse

72
Q

It is the transmission of nerve impulse by chemical substances

A

Neurotransmitters

73
Q

It is the neuron that communicates the impulse synapse

A

Presynaptic neuron

74
Q

It is the cell or neuron that receives the impulse

A

Postsynaptic cell

75
Q

It is the part of the presynaptic neuron that participates in a synapse

A

Axon terminal

76
Q

Membrane-bound vesicles

A

Synaptic vesicles

77
Q

It is the term referred to as the presynaptic neuron that is thickened

A

Presynaptic membrane

78
Q

Cell membrane of the postsynaptic membrane is thickened

A

Postsynaptic membrane

79
Q

Gap between pre and postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic cleft

80
Q

It protects neurons and aid in performing by creating and maintaining the appropriate environment where neurons can carry out their function

A

Neuroglial cells

81
Q

These cells outnumber neurons

A

Neuroglial cells

82
Q

What are the neuroglial cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

83
Q

What are the neuroglial cells in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

84
Q

What is the term used collectively for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

A

Macroglia

85
Q

Where does neuroglial cells arise from

A

Ectoderm

86
Q

Where does the microglia arise from

A

Mesoderm

87
Q

This cells have the capacity to divide by mitosis

A

Neuroglial cells

88
Q

It is the largest and most abundant neuroglial cells

A

Astrocytes

89
Q

What are the distinction of astrocytes

A

Protoplasmic

Fibrous

90
Q

These astrocytes have abundant cytoplasm and nucleus is bigger and paler

A

Proptoplasmic astrocytes

91
Q

These astrocytes have longer more slender processes and are located in the white mater

A

Fibrous astrocytes

92
Q

It is smaller and have fewer and shorter processes than astrocytes; located in white matter of CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

93
Q

It is smaller than astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and distributes althroughout the CNS

A

Microglia

94
Q

These cells are phagocytes that remove cellular debris from sites of injury or normal cell turnover

A

Microglia

95
Q

These are cuboidal cells that possess short cilia and microvilli

A

Ependymal cells

96
Q

Cells that are long that extend into the hypothalamus

A

Tanycytes

97
Q

What kind of tissue is the ependymal cells

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

98
Q

It is the form of neurilemmal and myelin sheaths of the peripheral ners

A

Schwann cells

99
Q

These cells are small flattened cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons that are in ganglia. In PNS counterparts are astrocytes

A

Satellite cells

100
Q

Transmission of stimuli

A

Nerve impulses

101
Q

It refers to the large mass of nervous tissue in the cranial cavity and vertebral canal; brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

102
Q

It refers to all other nervous tissue in the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System

103
Q

This system has no CT stroma it comprises the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

104
Q

It covers the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

105
Q

What are the layers of the meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

106
Q

The outermost layer of meninges; made up of dense collagenous CT

A

Dura mater

107
Q

It is the innermost membrane of the meninges

A

Pia mater

108
Q

It is the middle layer of the meninges

A

Arachnoid membrane

109
Q

A single entry

A

Pia-arachnoid

110
Q

Outer surface of the meninges

A

Periosteal dura

111
Q

It is the space occupied by fat and venous plexuses

A

Epidural space

112
Q

Inner surface of dura mater that is lined by a simple squamous epithelium

A

Meningeal dura

113
Q

Membrane bw the meningeal dura and the arachnoid membrane

A

Subdural space

114
Q

It is a flat sheet-like membran that is thinner than the dura matter

A

Arachnoid membrane

115
Q

It is a thin but highly vascular loose CT that closely adheres to the substance of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia mater

116
Q

It contains the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Subarachnoid space

117
Q

It is a clear slightly viscous fluid that circulates within the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

118
Q

What is the total normal amt of CSF

A

80 - 150 ml

119
Q

What is the specific gravity of CSF

A

1.004 - 1.008

120
Q

How much CSF is produced daily

A

500ml

121
Q

What drains the venous side of circulation of CSF

A

Arachnoid villi

122
Q

It is the chief sources of CSF

A

Choroid plexuses

123
Q

The ependyma of the choroid plexuses acts as…

A

Blood-CSF barrier

124
Q

What are the 2 areas of the CNS based on gross coloration

A

Gray matter

White matter

125
Q

It contains the cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal portions of the axons of the neurons that populate the CNS and neuroglial cells

A

Gray matter

126
Q

It does not contain nerve cell bodies but it includes neuroglial cells in the region

A

White matter

127
Q

It occupies the peripheral area of the brain

A

Gray matter

128
Q

It occupies the central area of the brain

A

White matter

129
Q

Regions of cell bodies not forming distinct nuclei

A

Nuclear areas

130
Q

Origin that bundles together

A

Tract

131
Q

Tracts that are flattened

A

Lemniscci

132
Q

Rounded or thick tracts

A

Funiculi

133
Q

In CNS neurons have long axons that leave either the CNS or gray matter and terminate at some distance in another part of the gray matter are termed

A

Golgi Type I neurons

134
Q

Neurons that have relatively short axons that do not leave the region of gray matter

A

Golgi type II neurons

135
Q

The nervous tissue in this system is organized in a way that nerve cell bodies are bound to a CT

A

Peripheral Nervous System

136
Q

Bound CT in the PNS

A

Ganglia

137
Q

It receives and relays all nerve impulses originating from stimuli from both or within or external to the body to the CNS

A

PNS

138
Q

It is a collection of cell bodies of neurons that have a common function in the PNS

A

Ganglia

139
Q

In the ganglion each neuron is surrounded by supporting cells ____

A

Satellite cells

140
Q

_____ are PNS counterparts of tracts in the CNS

A

Nerves

141
Q

Nerves whose cell bodies are in the brain

A

Cranial nerves

142
Q

Nerves whose cell bodies are on the spinal cord

A

Spinal Nerves

143
Q

How many cranial nerves are there

A

12 pairs

144
Q

How many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

145
Q

This cranial nerve is not really a nerve bc it does not leave the brain it is actually a tract

A

CN II (optic nerve)

146
Q

What are the large nerves

A

Ulnar nerve, sciatic nerve

147
Q

It contains anons of sensory neurons

A

Afferent nerve fibres

148
Q

It contains motor neurons that orders muscles to contact and glands to secrete

A

Efferent neurons

149
Q

It is the termination of nerves in the epithelia, connective, and muscle tissue

A

Nerve endings

150
Q

Terminations of afferent nerves

A

Sensory (afferent) nerve endings

151
Q

Terminations of efferent nerves

A

Motor (efferent) nerve endings

152
Q

It collects stimuli and disperses all over the body

A

Sensory nerve endings

153
Q

It is merely the naked termination of axons of afferent nerves

A

Simple nerve endings

154
Q

Sensory neurons are _____ whose cell bodies are in the _______

A

Pseudounipolar neurons; Craniospinal ganglia

155
Q

Expanded-tip endings are exemplified by

A

Merkel discs

156
Q

This disc is sensitive to touch and pressure

A

Merkel discs

157
Q

It is made up of naked axon terminal enclosed by a lamellated CT capsule

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

158
Q

It is a small, spindle-shaped structure seen in the dermis of the skin, tendons, ligaments

A

Ruffini’s corpuscle

159
Q

It is found in the conjuctiva of the mucous membrane of the lips, dermis, glans penis, and clitoris

A

End bulbs of Krause

160
Q

It is the largest sensory nerve endings

A

Vater-Pacinian corpuscle

161
Q

It is seen in the dermis of the skin of fingers, toes, palms and soles

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

162
Q

It is responsible for transmitting the stimulus that commands muscle fibers to contract and glandular cells to secrete

A

Motor Nerve Endings

163
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers innervate form specialized junctions

A

Motor endplates

164
Q

This system includes muscle, skin and sense organs

A

Somatic nervous system

165
Q

This system includes visceral organs

A

Autonomic nervous system

166
Q

It is responsible for the reception of sensory stimuli from the external environment

A

Somatic afferent (sensory) neurons

167
Q

It innervates the skeletal muscles responsible for voluntary movements of the body

A

Somatic efferent (motor) neurons

168
Q

It contains the visceral efferent (motor) neurons, visceral afferent (visceral sensory; autonomic afferent) neurons

A

Autonomic nervous system

169
Q

It controls the activity of the cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

A

Visceral efferent neurons

170
Q

Where is the first visceral efferent neuron (preganglionic neuron found)

A

CNS

171
Q

Where is the second visceral efferent neuron (postganglionic neuron)

A

Autonomic ganglion

172
Q

What are the branches of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
Parasympathetic (craniosacral)
Enteric

173
Q

It responds to impending danger or stress

Fight or flight situation

A

Sympathetic Division

174
Q

It is called upon during resting and relaxing situations

A

Parasympathetic Division

175
Q

It is responsible for regulating the activities of the digestive tract

A

Enteric Division

Histo - LEC (8 decks)

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