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ANAPHY LAB > NERVOUS > Flashcards

NERVOUS Flashcards

1
Q

Brain
Spinal cord

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2
Q

Nerve OUTSIDE the brain and spinal cord

A

PREIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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3
Q

Nerve fibers that CARRY INFORMATION TO the central nervous system

A

SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION

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4
Q

Nerve fibers that CARRY IMPULSES AWAY from the central nervous system

A

MOTOR (EFFERENT) DIVISION

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5
Q

subdivisions of Motor (efferent) division:
voluntary

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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6
Q

subdivisions of Motor (efferent) division:
involuntary

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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7
Q

· ABUNDANT, STAR-shaped cells
· Brace neurons
· Form BARRIER between capillaries
and neurons
· Control the CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT of the brain (CNS)

A

ASTROCYTES

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8
Q

· SPIDER-like phagocytes
· DISPOSE of debris
· EPENDYMAL cells (CNS)
· Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
· Circulate CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

A

MICROGLIA

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9
Q

PRODUCE MYELIN SHEATH around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES

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10
Q

Most brain tumors are

A

GLIOMAS

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11
Q

these DIVIDE

A

NEUROGLIA

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12
Q

these do not divide

A

NEURONS

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13
Q

Most brain tumors involve the _______ cells

A

NEUROGLIA

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14
Q

Protect neuron cell bodies

A

SATELLITE CELLS

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15
Q

Form MYELIN SHEATH in the PERIPHERAL NS

A

SCHWANN CELLS

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16
Q

Cells specialized to TRANSMIT messages

A

NEURONS

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17
Q

also known as NERVE CELLS

A

NEURONS

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18
Q

NUCLEUS and METABOLIC CENTER of the cell

A

CELL BODY

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19
Q

FIBERS that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons)

A

PROCESSES

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20
Q

conduct impulses TOWARD the cell body

A

DENDRITES

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21
Q

conduct impulses AWAY from the cell body (only 1!)

A

AXONS

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22
Q

Axons end in

A

AXONAL TERMINALS

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23
Q

contain VESICLES with NEUROTRANSMITTERS

A

AXONAL TERMINALS

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24
Q

Axonal terminals are SEPARATED from the next neuron by a

A

GAP

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25
Q

gap between ADJACENT neurons

A

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

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26
Q

JUNCTION between nerves

A

SYNAPSE

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27
Q

produce myelin sheaths in JELLY-ROLL like fashion

A

SCHWANN CELLS

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28
Q

GAPS in myelin sheath ALONG THE AXON

A

NODES OF RANVIER

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29
Q

In _________ the myelin sheath is DESTROYED

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

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30
Q

In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is _____

A

DESTROYED

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31
Q

The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called

A

SCLEROSES

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32
Q

An autoimmune disease where the myelin sheath is DESTROYED

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

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33
Q

Most NEURON CELL BODY are found in the

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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34
Q

cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

A

GRAY MATTER

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35
Q

CLUSTERS of cell bodies within the WHITE MATTER of the central nervous system

A

NUCLEI

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36
Q

COLLECTIONS of cell bodies OUTSIDE the central nervous system

A

GANGLIA

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37
Q

· Carry impulses from the SENSORY RECEPTORS
· CUTANEOUS sense organs
· Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension

A

SENSORY (afferent) NEURONS

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38
Q

Carry impulses from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

MOTOR (efferent) NEURONS

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39
Q

detect stretch or tension

A

PROPRIOCEPTORS

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40
Q

association neurons

A

INTERNEURONS

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41
Q

· Found in NEURAL PATHWAYS in the central nervous system
· CONNECT sensory and motor neurons

A

INTERNEURONS

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42
Q

INTERNEURONS are found in the ______ in the CNS

A

NEURAL PATHWAYS

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43
Q

MANY EXTENSIONS from the cell body

A

MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

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44
Q

one axon and one dendrite

A

BIPOLAR NEURONS

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45
Q

have a SHORT SINGLE PROCESS leaving the cell body

A

UNIPOLAR NEURONS

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46
Q

ability to RESPOND to stimuli

A

IRRITABILITY

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47
Q

ability to TRANSMIT an impulse

A

CONDUCTIVITY

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48
Q

The plasma membrane at rest is

A

polarized

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49
Q

a stimulus DEPOLARIZES the neuron’s membrane

A

DEPOLARIZATION

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50
Q

A depolarized membrane allows _________ to FLOW INSIDE the membrane

A

SODIUM (Na+)

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51
Q

The EXCHANGE of ions initiates an ______ in the neuron

A

ACTION POTENTIAL

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52
Q

If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is ________ over the entire axon

A

PROPAGATED

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53
Q

_________ rush out of the neuron after SODIUM IONS RUSH IN, which
REPOLARIZES the membrane

A

POTASSIUM IONS

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54
Q

The sodium-potassium pump restores the

A

ORIGINAL CONFIGURATION

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55
Q

Impulses travel _____ when fibers have a myelin sheath

A

FASTER

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56
Q

Impulses travel FASTER when fibers have a ______

A

MYELIN SHEATH

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57
Q

Impulses are able to cross the _______ to another nerve

A

SYNAPSE

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58
Q

_________ is released from a nerve’s axon terminal

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER

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59
Q

The _______ of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter

A

DENDRITE

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60
Q

The dendrite of the next neuron has ______ that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter

A

RECEPTORS

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61
Q

The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the _________

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER

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62
Q

An action potential is started in the

A

DENDRITE

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63
Q

rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

A

REFLEX

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64
Q

DIRECT ROUTE from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

A

REFLEX ARC

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65
Q

· Smooth muscle regulation
· Heart and blood pressure regulation
· Regulation of glands
· Digestive system regulation

A

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES

66
Q

Activation of skeletal muscles

A

SOMATIC REFLEXES

67
Q

CNS develops from the

A

EMBRYONIC NEURAL TUBE

68
Q

The neural tube becomes the ____ & the _____

A

BRAIN & SPINAL CORD

69
Q

The opening of the neural tube becomes the _____

A

VENTRICLES

70
Q

· Paired (left and right) SUPERIOR PARTS of the brain
· Include MORE THAN HALF of the brain MASS

A

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES (CEREBRUM)

71
Q

The surface of CEREBRUM is made of

A

RIDGES (gyri) & GROOVES (sulci)

72
Q

ridges

A

gyri

73
Q

grooves

A

sulci

74
Q

divide the CEREBRUM into LOBES

A

FISSURES

75
Q

deep grooves

A

FISSURES

76
Q

RECEIVES impulses from the body’s SENSORY RECEPTORS

A

SOMATIC SENSORY AREA

77
Q

SENDS impulses to SKELETAL MUSCLES

A

PRIMARY MOTOR AREA

78
Q

involved in our ability to SPEAK

A

BROCA’S AREA

79
Q

involved in SPECIAL SENSES

A

CEREBRAL AREAS

80
Q

Layers of the Cerebrum:
· OUTER layer
· Composed mostly of NEURON CELL BODIES

A

GRAY MATTER

81
Q

Layers of the Cerebrum:
· FIBER tracts INSIDE THE GRAY MATTER
· Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres

A

WHITE MATTER

82
Q

INTERNAL ISLANDS of gray matter

A

BASAL NUCLEI

83
Q

· Regulates VOLUNTARY MOTOR ACTIVITIES by modifying info sent to the motor cortex
· Problems = ie unable to control muscles, spastic, jerky
· Involved in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s Disease

A

BASAL NUCLEI

84
Q

BASAL NUCLEI are involved in what diseases

A

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
PARKINSON’S DISEASE

85
Q

· Sits ON TOP of the brain stem
· ENCLOSED by the cerebral hemispheres
· Made of THREE parts
· Thalamus
· Hypothalamus
· Epithalamus

A

DIENCEPHALON

86
Q

THREE PARTS OF DIENCEPHALON

A

· Thalamus
· Hypothalamus
· Epithalamus

87
Q

DIENCEPHALON is enclosed by the

A

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

88
Q

· Surrounds the THIRD VENTRICLE
· The RELAY STATION for sensory impulses
· TRANSFERS IMPULSES to the CORRECT PART OF THE CORTEX for localization and interpretation

A

THALAMUS

89
Q

· UNDER the thalamus
· Important autonomic nervous system center
· Helps REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE
· Controls WATER BALANCE
· Regulates METABOLISM

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

90
Q

An important part of the LIMBIC system (emotions)

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

91
Q

The PITUITARY GLAND is attached to the

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

92
Q

· Forms the ROOF of the third ventricle
· Houses the PINEAL BODY (an endocrine gland)
· Includes the CHOROID PLEXUS – forms cerebrospinal fluid

A

EPITHALAMUS

93
Q

Epithalamus Forms the ______ of the third ventricle

A

ROOD

94
Q

Epithalamus Houses the

A

PINEAL BODY

95
Q

forms cerebrospinal fluid

A

CHOROID PLEXUS

96
Q

· Attaches to the spinal cord

A

BRAIN STEM

97
Q

Parts of the brain stem

A

· Midbrain
· Pons
· Medulla oblongata

98
Q

· Mostly composed of TRACTS OF NERVE FIBERS
· Reflex centers for VISION and HEARING
· Cerebral aquaduct – 3rd-4th ventricles

A

MIDBRAIN

99
Q

· The BULGING CENTER part of the brain stem
· Mostly composed of FIBER TRACTS
· Includes nuclei involved in the CONTROL OF BREATHING

A

PONS

100
Q

· The LOWEST PART of the brain stem
· Merges into the spinal cord
· Includes important fiber tracts
· Contains important control centers
· Heart rate control
· Blood pressure regulation
· Breathing
· Swallowing
· Vomiting

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

101
Q

· Two hemispheres with CONVOLUTED surfaces
· Provides involuntary coordination of BODY MOVEMENTS

A

CEREBELLUM

102
Q

Meninges
· DOUBLE-LAYERED EXTERNAL COVEINR
· FOLDS INWARD in several areas

A

DURA MATER

103
Q

attached to SURFACE OF THE SKULL

A

PERIOSTEUM

104
Q

OUTER COVERING of the
brain

A

MENINGEAL LAYER

105
Q

Meninges
· MIDDLE layer
· WED-like

A

ARACHNOID LAYER

106
Q

Meninges:
· INTERNAL layer
· CLINGS to the surface of the brain

A

PIA MATER

107
Q

· Similar to BLOOD PLASMA composition
· Formed by the choroid plexus
· Forms a WATERY CUSHION to protect the brain
· Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

108
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid forms a _____ to protect the brain

A

WATERY CUSHION

109
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid is formed by

A

CHOROID PLEXUS

110
Q

· Includes the LEAST PERMEABLE capillaries of the body
· EXCLUDES many potentially HARMFUL
substances
· Useless against some substances
· Fats and fat soluble molecules
· Respiratory gases
· Alcohol
· Nicotine
· Anesthesia

A

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

111
Q

· SLIGHT brain injury
· NO PERMANENT brain damage

A

CONCUSSION

112
Q

· Nervous tissue DESTRUCTION occurs
· Nervous tissue DOES NOT REGENERATE

A

CONTUSION

113
Q

· SWELLING from the INFLAMMATORY response
· May COMPRESS and KILL brain tissue

A

CEREBRAL EDEMA

114
Q

· Commonly called a STROKE
· The result of a RUPTURED BLOOD VESSEL supplying a region of the brain
· Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that BLOOD SOURCE DIES
· Loss of some functions or death may result

A

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA)

115
Q

Below T12 is the

A

CAUDA EQUINA

116
Q

a collection of SPINAL NERVES

A

CAUDA EQUINA

117
Q

occur in the CERVICAL and LUMBAR regions

A

ENLARGEMENTS

118
Q

· Progressive DEGENERATIVE disease
· Mostly seen in the ELDERLY, but may begin in middle age
· Structural changes in the brain include ABNORMAL PROTEIN DEPOSITS and TWISTED FIBERS within neurons
· Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

119
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy:
conduction tracts

A

EXTERIOR WHITE MATER

120
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy:
mostly cell bodies

A

INTERNAL GRAY MATTER

121
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy:
filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

CENTRAL CANAL

122
Q

cover the spinal cord

A

MENINGES

123
Q

collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

A

DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA

124
Q

bundle of neuron fibers

A

NERVE

125
Q

Neuron fibers are bundled by

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

126
Q

surrounds each fiber

A

ENDONEURIUM

127
Q

Groups of fibers are bound into ______ by perineurium

A

FASCICLES

128
Q

Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by ___________

A

PERINEURIUM

129
Q

_______ are bound together by epineurium

A

FASCICLES

130
Q

both sensory and motor fibers

A

MIXED NERVES

131
Q

total pairs of the spinal cord

A

31 pairs

132
Q

· The INVOLUNTARY branch of the nervous system
· Consists of ONLY MOTOR NERVES
· Divided into two divisions
· Sympathetic division
· Parasympathetic division

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

133
Q

· Response to UNUSUAL STIMULUS
· Takes over to INCREASE ACTIVITIES
· Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

A

SYMPATHETIC - FLIGHT OR FLIGHT

134
Q

· CONSERVES ENERGY
· Maintains DAILY necessary BODY FUNCTIONS
· Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis

A

PARASYMPATHETIC - HOUSEKEEPING ACTIVITIES

135
Q

The nervous system is formed during the ______ of embryonic development

A

FIRST MONTH

136
Q

one of the LAST areas of the brain TO DEVELOP

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

137
Q

No more neurons are formed after

A

BIRTH

138
Q

The brain reaches maximum weight as a

A

YOUNG ADULT

139
Q

we can always grow

A

DENDRITES

140
Q

an area of skin that is supplied by a SINGLE SPINAL NERVE

A

DERMATOME

141
Q

a group of muscles that a SINGLE SPINAL NERVE ROOT innervates

A

MYOTOME

142
Q

one of the only diseases that causes a rash in a DERMATOMAL PATTERN, and as such, this is its defining symptom

A

SHINGLES

143
Q

A common childhood disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus.

A

CHICKENPOX

144
Q

the motor equivalent of a dermatome

A

MYOTOME

145
Q

an injury or wound to someone’s body.

A

LESION

146
Q

any DAMAGE or ABNORMAL CHANGE in the TISSUE of an organism, usually caused by DISEASE or TRAUMA

A

LESION

147
Q

myotome distributions:
Neck flexion / extension

A

C1/C2

148
Q

myotome distributions:
Neck lateral flexion

A

C3

149
Q

myotome distributions:
Shoulder elevation

A

C4

150
Q

myotome distributions:
Shoulder abduction

A

C5

151
Q

myotome distributions:
Elbow flexion/wrist extension

A

C6

152
Q

myotome distributions:
Elbow extension/wrist flexion

A

C7

153
Q

myotome distributions:
Finger flexion

A

C8

154
Q

myotome distributions:
Finger abduction

A

T1

155
Q

myotome distributions:
Hip flexion

A

L2

156
Q

myotome distributions:
Knee extension

A

L3

157
Q

myotome distributions:
Ankle dorsi-flexion

A

L4

158
Q

myotome distributions:
Great toe extension

A

L5

159
Q

myotome distributions:
Ankle plantar flexion/ankle eversion/hip extension

A

S1

160
Q

myotome distributions:
Knee flexion

A

S2

161
Q

myotome distributions:
Anal reflex

A

S3-S4

ANAPHY LAB (10 decks)

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