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Year 1 Anatomy > Nerves and Muscles > Flashcards

Nerves and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three functions of muscle

A
  1. Movement
  2. Static support
  3. Heat production
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2
Q

Name the three different types of muscle

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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3
Q

Where would you find skeletal muscle?

A

Attached to the skeleton

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4
Q

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle

A

Locomotion

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5
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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6
Q

Where would you find cardiac muscle?

A

In the heart

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7
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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8
Q

How can cardiac muscle be identified histologically

A
  • Single nucleus
  • Branched
  • Intercalated disks
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9
Q

Where would you find smooth muscle?

A

In the walls of vessels and organs

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10
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

To one substances and restrict flow

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11
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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12
Q

What is the distinctive histological features of smooth muscle

A

Single nucleus

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13
Q

Name the only organ in the body that I directly attached to a muscle

A

The eye

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14
Q

What is a bundle of muscle fibres called?

A

A muscle fascile

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15
Q

What is the name of the thin membrane that covers a SINGLE muscle cell?

A

Endomysium

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16
Q

What is the name of the thin membrane that covers a bundle of muscle cells (fascile)?

A

Perimysium

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17
Q

What is meant by “one motor unit”?

A

One motor unit= one neuron supplying a varying number of muscle fibres to evoke contraction

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18
Q

name the 7 different morphological classifications of muscle

A
  1. Circular
  2. Fusiform
  3. Flat
  4. Bipennate
  5. Unipennaye
  6. Parallel
  7. Mutipennate
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19
Q

What is meant by a “Bipennate”, “unipennate” and “multipennate” muscle?

A
  1. bipinnate- muscle fibres run in two directions
  2. Unipennate- muscle fibres run in one direction
  3. Multipennate- muscle fibres run in multiple directions
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20
Q

Name the 4 functional classifications of muscle

A
  1. Agonist
  2. Antagonist
  3. Synergist
  4. Fixator
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21
Q

What is a synergist muscle?

A

A muscle that supports the action of an agonist

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22
Q

What is a fixator muscle?

A

Fixator muscles fix one group of muscles proximally.

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23
Q

How do muscles attach to a bone?

A

By a tendon OR an aponeurosis

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24
Q

What are tendons made from?

A

Dense connective tissue

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25
Q

Can tendons stretch?

A

Tendons CAN stretch but they CANNOT Shorten

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26
Q

What impact can tendons have on force?

A

Tendons can alter the direction of force

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27
Q

Can muscles share a tendon?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A piece of dense connective tissue that is flat and thin

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29
Q

What do aponeurosis attach?

A

Aponeurosis attach muscles to other aponeurosis (aponeurosis have NO bony attachment?

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30
Q

What is the name of the join between two aponeurosis?

A

Linea alba

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31
Q

Do aponeuroses have a bony attachment?

A

NON

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32
Q

What is happening to a muscle when it contracts?

A

It widens and shortens

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33
Q

When a muscle passes over a joint, it will ______ ______ that joint.

A

When a muscle passes over a joint, it will act upon that joint.

34
Q

Can muscles have more than one action?

35
Q

What are muscle stem cells called and what is their function?

A

Muscle stem cells are called satellite cells and they heal muscle when it is injured

36
Q

What are they two major muscle groups of the body?

A

Axial and appendicular muscles

37
Q

What are axial muscles?

A

Muscles associated with the head and trunk

38
Q

What are appendicular muscles

A

Muscles associated with the limbs which stabilise and control the movements of the pectoral and pelvic girdles

39
Q

For muscles that cross both the axial and appendicular skeletons, which skeleton would they belong to?

A

Some muscles are on the axil skeleton but function on the appendicular skeleton- these are referred to as appendicular muscle. The muscles are belong to the skeleton that they FUNCTION on, not the skeleton that they originate from

40
Q

In the arms and legs, there are flexor compartments and extensor compartments separated by __________ ______

A

intermuscular septa

41
Q

Muscles of the same compartment are innervated by the same nerve- true or false?

42
Q

Name the nerve that innervates the flexors of the upper arm

A

Musculocutaneous nerve (branch of brachil plexus)

43
Q

Name the nerve that innervates the extensors of the upper arm

A

Radials nerve

44
Q

Name the flexor muscles of the upper arm

A

Biceps brachii, brachialis & Coracobrachialis

45
Q

Name the extensor muscle of the upper arm

A

Triceps brachii

46
Q

Name the fixator muscle of the upper arm

A

The deltoid muscle

47
Q

What is the name of the membrane that exists between the radius and ulna

A

Interosseous membrane

48
Q

How many flexors and pronators are found in the forearm?

49
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexors and pronates of the forearm?

A

Brachial plexus

50
Q

What is the nerve supply of the extensors and supinators of the forearm?

A

Radial nerve

51
Q

How many extensors and supinators are in the forearm?

52
Q

What is the function of the brachioradialis compartment of the forearm?

A

flexion of the forearm

53
Q

What is the brachioradialis compartment of the forearm innervated by?

A

Radial nerve

54
Q

Name the three muscles that make up the gluteal muscle

A

Maximus, medius and minimus

55
Q

What is the role of the gluteal muscle?

A
  • Acts upon the hip joint to stabilise the hips when you walk
  • Gluteus maximus causes extension
  • Gluteus medius and minimus cause abduction
56
Q

What nerve is the gluteal muscle innervated by?

A

Sciatic nerve

57
Q

Name the three muscle compartments of the thigh

A
  1. Posterior compartment (Hamstrings)
  2. Anterior compartment (Quadriceps)
  3. Medial compartment (Addductors)
58
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstring)

A

Sciatic nerve

59
Q

What action does the posterior compartment of the thigh have upon the leg?

A

flexes the knee

60
Q

Name the three muscles of the hamstring

A
  • Semimembranosus
  • semitendinosus
  • biceps femoris
61
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh (quadriceps)?

A

Femoral nerve

62
Q

What action does the quadriceps have upon the leg?

A

extends the knee

63
Q

What are the four muscles that make up the quadriceps

A
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedius
  • rectus femoris
64
Q

Describe the attachments of the anterior compartment of the thigh

A
  • All four muscles of the quadriceps are joined to a single tendon (quadriceps tendon) which attaches to the patella tendon which attaches to the tibial tuberose
65
Q

What nerve is the medial compartment of the thigh innervated by?

A

Obturator nerve

66
Q

Name the 5 muscles that make up the medial compartment of the thigh (adductors)

A
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracillus muscle
  • Pectineus muscle
67
Q

What is the function of the adductors (medial compartment) of the thigh?

A

Brings the thighs together

68
Q

Name the membrane that separates the tibia and fib

A

Interosseous membrane

69
Q

How many muscle compartments are there in the lower legs

70
Q

Name the three muscle compartments of the lower leg

A
  1. Dorsiflexors
  2. Plantarflexors
  3. Evertors
71
Q

Name the nerve that innervates the lower leg

A

Sciatic nerve

72
Q

Where are the dorsiflexors and what is their role in the movement of the lower leg?

A

Dorsiflexors are found in the anterior compartment of the leg and they flex the ankle

73
Q

Where are the plantarflexors and what is their role in the movement of the lower leg?

A

Plantarflexors are found in the posterior compartment and they flex the ankle and knee joints allowing you to point your toes

74
Q

Where are the evertors and what is their role in the movement of the lower leg?

A

Evertors are found in the lateral compartment and the move the sole of the foot away from and to the midline

75
Q

Name the two muscles that make up the evertors

A
  • Parineus longus

* Paraneus bravis

76
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the hands

A
  1. Hypothenar
  2. Thenar
  3. Interossei
  4. Lumbrical
77
Q

What kind of movement does the hypothenar muscle of the hand exert

A

Controls movements of the little fingers

78
Q

What kind of movement does the thenar muscle of the hand exert

A

controls the movement of the thumb

79
Q

What kind of movement does the interossei muscle of the hand exert

A

positional movements

80
Q

What kind of movement does the lumbrical muscle of the hand exert

A

positional movements

81
Q

What is the function of the long tendons that extend from the forearm to the hand?

A

Long tendons come from the forearm into the hand. Tendons help when you make a fist

82
Q

What is the function of the muscles of the foot?

A

Muscles of the foot function to support walking and maintain the arches of the foot

Year 1 Anatomy (12 decks)

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