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Year 1 Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 main functions of bone

A
  1. Weight bearing/support
  2. Protection (e.g. brain/spinal cord)
  3. Mineral store
  4. Blood formation
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2
Q

Name the 6 different classification of bone found in the body

A
  1. Flat
  2. Short
  3. Sesamoid
  4. Sutural
  5. Irregular
  6. Long
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3
Q

Give an example of a flat bone

A

frontal bone of the skull

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4
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

Carpal (in the wrist)

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5
Q

Give an example of a sutural bone

A

Skull bones

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6
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebrae

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7
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

Fermur

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8
Q

Name the two different TYPES of bone

A
  1. Compact bone

2. Spongy bone

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9
Q

Are bones vascular or avascular?

A

Vascular

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10
Q

Name the cavity found in the middle of long bones and note the type of marrow found within this cavity

A

The medullary cavity is found within the shaft of long bones and it is filled with yellow marrow

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11
Q

Name the membrane with covers the OUTSIDE of bones

A

periosteum

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12
Q

Name the membrane that lines the INNER medullary cavity of bones

A

Endosteum

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13
Q

Name the distinctive organisational structure that makes up COMPACT bone

A

Osteons (or Haversian systems)

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14
Q

What would you find in the centre of an osteon?

A

A Haversian canal

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15
Q

As well as the Haversian canal, osteons have a second horizon canal. What is the name of this horizontal canal and what is its function?

A

Volkmann’s canals connect osteons together

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16
Q

Name the three alternative names for spongy bone

A
  1. Cancellous bone
  2. Trabecular bone
  3. Diploe bone
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17
Q

What is spongy bone made up of?

A

A network of lamellated trabeculae filled with bone marrow (No Harversian systems!)

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18
Q

In spongy bone, what does the orientation of the lamellate trabecular reflect?

A

The main direction of the mechanical forces exerted onto the bone

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19
Q

Name the three cell types found in bone

A

– Osteoclasts
– Osteoblasts
– Osteocytes

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20
Q

Name the two components of bone

A

Bone cells (osteoclasts, osteoblasts & osteocytes) & extracellular bone matrix

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21
Q

What is bone matrix made of?

A

45% Hydroxyapatite crystals
35% Collagen (Type I)
20% Water

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22
Q

The bone matrix (a major component of bones) contains 45% hydroxyapatite crystals. What functions does hydroxyapatite crystals play?

A
  • Make bone stiff & able to support structures

- High strength under compression (like concrete)

23
Q

The bone matrix (a major component of bones) contains 35% collagen type I. What functions does collagen type I play?

A
  • Gives bone some flexibility & reduces risk of fracture

* High strength under tension (like steel)

24
Q

True or false, bone is a dynamic tissue

A

true! It is constantly being broken down and remodelled

25
Q

Which bone cell type breaks down & reabsorbs bone?

A

Osteoclasts

26
Q

Which bone cell type forms new bone?

A

Osteoblasts

27
Q

What do osteoclasts look like under a microscope?

A

Large multinuleated cells

28
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells (like macrophages)

29
Q

Where in the bone would you find an osteoclast?

A

On the surface of bone cells

30
Q

How do osteoclasts break down bone?

A

By releasing acids which demineralise bone

31
Q

What is the primary function of an osteoclast?

A

To reabsorb bone

32
Q

What exists between anosteoclast and the bone surface?

A

Bone matrix and a ruffled border

33
Q

What is left once a section of bone matrix has been reabsorbed by an osteoclast?

A

Howships’s Lacunae

34
Q

What is the function of an osteoblast?

A

BLAST out bone matrix (osteoid (the unmineralised matrix) and initiate calcification)

35
Q

What is an osteoblast and where does it come from?

A

Osteoblasts are immature bone cells created from osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum and endosteum

36
Q

What do osteoblasts become once they are surrounded by the bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes

37
Q

Where can you find osteocytes?

A

Inside lacunae (small cavities within the bone matrix)

38
Q

Name a distinctive feature of osteocytes which allow inter-osteocyte communication

A

Osteocytes have many long processes which lie within structures called canaliculi (canaliculi connect lacunae to each other which allows communication between cell)

39
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

To maintain the bone matrix & sense mechanical forces

40
Q

Give a basic description of osteoporosis

A

Osteoporosis- more reabsorption of bone takes place than formation. This causes spongy bone to have much thinner trabeculae which weakens the bone and makes it more likely to fracture.

41
Q

Give a basic description of Paget’s disease

A
  • there is an increased rate of bone resorption and formation which causes deformations
42
Q

Give a basic description of osteopetrosis

A

There is a decrease in the resorption of bone so bone becomes very dense and hard. It can cause bone deformation, growth issues, an increased risk of fractures and neurological deficits (such as blindness and deafness if bone compresses nerves)

43
Q

At which points in life does bone mass increase, plateau and decrease?

A
  • Bone mass increases during childhood, plateaus during puberty and falls after menopause due to a loss of oestrogen.
44
Q

Why does a decline in oestrogen cause bone mass to decline?

A

The less oestrogen there is, the more bone is removed by osteoclasts

45
Q

What happens to bone mass in astronauts in space or people on bed rest and why?

A

Weightlessness (astronauts) or bed rest causes significant bone loss because there is less load exerted on them

46
Q

Why do athletes generally have a higher bone marrow density?

A

Because they have put an increased mechanical load on their bones compared to the average person

47
Q

Which sport would be more effective at increasing & maintaining bone density and why; running or cycling

A

Resistance & high impact sports are particularly effective in maintaining or increasing bone mass due to the high mechanical load placed upon bones (e.g. running more effective than cycling)

48
Q

What is meant by the term ossification?

A

Bone formation

49
Q

Name the two different types of ossification and describe how they are different

A
  1. Endochondral ossification (most common type – it encompasses long bone growth)
  2. Intramembranous ossification (involves flat bones of skull, mandible, maxilla, but also long bones)
50
Q

Describe the process of endochondral ossification

A
  • Bone forms as a cartilage ‘model’ first
  • Blood vessels begin to invade cartilage
  • Ossification centres form- the primary ossification centre forms first in the shaft of the developing long bone.
  • Secondary ossification centre’s form in the epiphyses (ends) of the long bone
  • The cartilage surrounding the ossification centres is slowly replaced with bone
  • Cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate
  • The growth plate eventually ossifies
51
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification

A
  • No cartilage involvement
  • Mesenchymal stem cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells in the blood vessels & bone marrow
  • The osteoprogenitor are found in the two membranes that cover developing bone (periosteum and endosteum)
  • Osteoprogenitor cells then mature into osteoblasts ( which then start depositing bone matrix)
52
Q

Which type of ossification would you find in;

a) Children
b) Adults

A

a) Endochondral

b) Intramembranous

53
Q

What is the name given to bone growth that increases the diameter o bone?

A

Apositional bone growth

54
Q

What is the name given to bone growth that increases the length of bones from the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Interstitial growth

Year 1 Anatomy (12 decks)

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