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Human Sexuality > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring inside and outside of the body. Each change is called a stimulus, gathering info = sensory input
  2. Processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about should be done at each moment = integration
  3. Dictates a response by activating the effector organs (muscles and glands) = motor output
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2
Q

What are the two main divisions of the NS?

A

Central & Peripheral NS

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3
Q

What is contained within the central NS

A

brain & spinal cord, the integrative and control centres

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4
Q

What is contained in the peripheral NS

A

cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia, communication lines between the CNS and rest of the body

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5
Q

Where are the ganglia?

A

areas where the cell bodies of neurons are clustered

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6
Q

What type of nerves is in the sensory (afferent) division? What direction does the impulse travel?Give 2 examples

A

somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibres. Conducts impulses from receptor to the CNS. ex: skin is somatic and stomach is visceral

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7
Q

What type of nerve is in the motor (efferent) division? What direction does the impulse travel?

A

motor nerve fibers

conduct impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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8
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the motor (efferent) division?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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9
Q

T or F: The somatic nervous system is involuntary motor ?

A

FALSE. It is voluntary. Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

The autonomic NS is…

And conducts impulses from the CNS to the… (3)

A 
visceral motor (involuntary)
cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
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11
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Mobilize body systems during activity.

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13
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do?

A

conserve energy and promote house keeping functions during rest

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14
Q

What are two special somatic sensory senses?

A

Hearing & vision

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15
Q

What are two special visceral sensory senses?

A

taste and smell

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16
Q

T or F: Neuroglia are support cells

A

True. They are non-excitable and wrap around the neurons

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17
Q

Neurons are…

A

excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals

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18
Q

4 Functional characteristics of neurons

A

Conduct electrical signals
Extreme longevity
No mitosis
High metabolic rate

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19
Q

The cell body of a neuron is also called the…

A

soma

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20
Q

Other than the nucleus and cytoplasm, what does the cell body contain? (2)

A
  1. Neurofibrils = bundles of intermediate fibres that keep the cell from being stretched apart with tensile forces
  2. Chromatophilic substance = rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes that stain darkly
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21
Q

Most cell bodies are within the CNS, but some are in the…

A

PNS with the ganglion

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22
Q

Dendrites branch from the cell body and are…

A

receptive sites for signals, carried to cell body

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23
Q

Axons (3)

A
  • Thin, uniform diameter
  • Transmit signals away from the cell body
  • Actin microfilaments and microtubules carry substances
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24
Q

Axon collaterals

A

branches that extend out from the axon at right angles

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25
Q

Terminal arborization

A

branches at the end of the axon

26
Q

Terminal boutons

A

the ends of terminal arborization/secretory region

27
Q

The axon hillock is the…

A

impulse generating/conducting region

28
Q

What is a synapse?

A

site of neural communication

29
Q

Axodendritic synapse

A

occur between one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron

30
Q

axiomatic synapse

A

occur between axons and neuron cell bodies

31
Q

what is a multipolar neuron

A

most common, many processes ententes from the cell body all of which are dendrites except the axon

32
Q

bipolar neuron

A

2 processes leave, one is a fused dendrite and the other is an axon

33
Q

unipolar neuron

A

One process extends from the body and comprises the axon

34
Q

Sensory neurons/afferent neurons (4)

A
  • Make up the sensory division fo the PNS
  • Transmit towards the CNS
  • Most are pseudo unipolar with cell bodies in ganglia outside of the CNS
  • called primary or first order neurons
35
Q

Motor neurons/efferent neurons (3)

A
  • Make up motor division of PNS
  • Carry impulses away from the CNS to effector organs
  • Multipolar, with cell bodies in the CNS
36
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Between motor and sensory neurons
  • confined to CNS
  • multipolar
37
Q

What neuronglia are in the CNS? (4)

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglial cells
  • Ependymal cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
38
Q

What neuroglia are in the PNS? (2)

A
  • Satellite cells

* Schwann cells

39
Q

Astrocytes (3)

A

Star shaped, most abundant
• Regulate neurotransmitter levels, metabolites
• Signalling increased blood flow
• Controlling ionic environment

40
Q

Microglial Cells

A

smallest, least abundant, elongated cell body with multiple projections
• Phagocytes
• Macrophages of the CNS

41
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • single epithelium that lines the CNS (central cavity of the spinal cord and brain)
  • Move cerebrospinal fluid
42
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

• Produce myelin sheaths in the CNS,

43
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

44
Q

Schwann cells

A

surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheath

45
Q

Gray matter of the CNS (6)

A
  1. Surround the hollow central cavity of CNS
  2. Site where neuron cell bodies are clustered
  3. Synapses occur here
  4. short nonmyelinated interneurons and motor neurons
  5. Has cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
  6. Neuroglia
46
Q

White matter of the CNS (3)

A
  1. Fiber tracts of myelinated (gives white color) and nonmyelinated axons; no cell bodies
  2. Neuroglia
  3. Axons travelling to similar tracts are called tracts
47
Q

Endoneurium

A

layer of loose connective tissue covering Shwann cells (myelin sheath)

48
Q

Perineurium

A

wraps around nerve fascicles

49
Q

Epineurium

A

tough fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire nerve

50
Q

What is neuronal integration?

A

Communication between the CNS and PNS

51
Q

Where does neuronal integration occur?

A

in the gray matter

52
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

simple chains of neurons that cause our simplest, reflexive behaviours and reflect the basic structural plan of the NS \

53
Q

What are the 5 essential components of reflex arcs?

A
  1. receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integration center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
54
Q

What are 2 examples of the reflex arc?

A
  1. Monosynaptic stretch reflex

2. Polysynaptic withdrawal reflect (touch a pin or something hot)

55
Q

What are the 3 neuronal circuits?

A
  1. Diverging
  2. Converging
  3. Reverberating
56
Q

What is the diverging circuits?

A

much larger response. Each one of the axons have branches that stimulate at least two other neurons. ex: stretch reflex

57
Q

What is the converging circuit?

A

take information from a bunch of different places and integrate that into a single input. Ex: see someone walking towards you = 3 signals: 1) memory yes I like the person, 2) see them walking, 3) hear them yelling your name. One output = you stop and talk to them

58
Q

What id the reverberating circuit?

A

for rhythmic activities. input from a single neuron that gives you output but goes in a loop until something stops the input at the origin. Ex: arms swinging while walking

59
Q

What are the two types of neural processing?

A
  1. Serial

2. Parallel

60
Q

How is serial different from parallel processing?

A
  1. Serial
    - neurons that synapse in a one-on-one sequence of a signal pathway, ex: reflex arc
  2. Parallel
    - info from a single neuron is sent along two or more parallel pathways multiple signals are integrated
61
Q

A nerve is a

A

bundle of neurons containing multiple axons

62
Q

Neuron is a

A

single cell

Human Sexuality (12 decks)

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