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Gross Anatomy > Nerve and Blood Supply of the Back > Flashcards

Nerve and Blood Supply of the Back Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue membranes

A

Meninges

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2
Q

Types of meninges

A
  • Dura
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia
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3
Q

Meningeal spaces

A
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Subdural space
  • Epidural space
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4
Q

Meningeal space filled with CSF and arteries

A

Subarachnoid space

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5
Q

Meningeal space where veins are located

A

Subdural space

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6
Q

Meningeal space where fat is located

A

Epidural space

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7
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

Medulla

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8
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Conus medullaris

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9
Q

Conical distal end of the spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris

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10
Q

Where is the conus medullaris?

A

L1-L2 vertebral level

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11
Q

Nerve roots extending beyond conus medullaris

A

Cauda equina

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12
Q

Cell bodies of alpha and gamma motor neurons (LMN)

A

Ventral horn

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13
Q

T1-L2= Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
S2-S4= Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A

Intermediolateral gray

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14
Q

Sensory cell bodies

A

Dorsal horn

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15
Q

Where is spinal nerve C1 found?

A

Between occipital and atlas

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16
Q

Where is C2 found

A

Between atlas and axis

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17
Q

Where is C3 found

A

Between C2 and C3

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18
Q

Where is C8 found

A

Between C7 and T1

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19
Q

Where is T1 found

A

Between T1 and T2

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20
Q

Sensory (afferent) root

A

Dorsal root

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21
Q

Ganglion on dorsal root commanding cell bodies of sensory neurons in the dorsal route (pseudounipolar)

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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22
Q

Motor (efferent) root

A

Ventral root

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23
Q

What are ventral roots formed by

A

Union of smaller ventral rootlets from ventral side of spinal cords

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24
Q

Each represents a fusion of two roots

A

Spinal nerve

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25
Q

Where are spinal nerves formed?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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26
Q

What do spinal nerves divide into?

A

Dorsal and ventral rami

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27
Q

Difference between rami and roots

A

Roots: Inside vertebral canal and join to form spinal nerve

Rami: Outside intervertebral foramen and represent bifurcation of spinal nerve

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28
Q

What do dorsal rami divide into?

A

Medial and lateral branches

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29
Q

Provides motor innervation to intrinsic muscles of the back

A

Dorsal rami

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30
Q

Branches of the dorsal rami in which all levels supply muscles, only levels T6 and UP are also cutaneous to upper back

A

Medial branches

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31
Q

Branches of the dorsal rami in which all levels supply muscles, only levels T6 and BELOW are also cutaneous to lower back and medial gluteus region

A

Lateral branches

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32
Q

These dorsal rami do not split into medial and lateral branches

A
  • C1
  • S4/S5
  • Cx1
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33
Q

What do both branches of cervical nerves supply?

A

Intrinsic back muscles

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34
Q

Medial branches of C2, C3, C4, and usually C5 become what?

A

Cutaneous

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35
Q

What is the dorsal ramus of C1 called?

A

Suboccipital nerve

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36
Q

Does the suboccipital nerve divide into medial and lateral branches?

A

No

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37
Q

Largest of all dorsal rami

A

C2

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38
Q

What is the medial branch of dorsal ramus of C2 called?

A

Greater occipital nerve

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39
Q

What is the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of C2 cutaneous to?

A

Large are of the back and scalp

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40
Q

What is the medial branch of dorsal ramus of C3 called?

A

Third occipital nerve

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41
Q

All thoracic dorsal rami are divided into:

A

Medial and lateral branches

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42
Q

Thoracic dorsal rami that have medial branches becoming cutaneous after innervating intrinsic muscles

A

T1-T6

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43
Q

Medial branches of T1-T6 supply and pass between which muscles, supplying them?

A
  • Semispinalis
  • Multifidis
44
Q

Medial branches of T1-T6 pierce which muscles to become cutaneous?

A
  • Rhomboids
  • Trapezius
45
Q

From T1-T6, the lateral branch remains purely:

A

Muscular

46
Q

Lateral branches of T1-T6 pass between which muscles, supplying the remaining intrinsic muscles?

A
  • Longissimus
  • Iliocostalis
47
Q

Thoracic dorsal rami that have lateral branches becoming cutaneous after innervating intrinsic muscles

A

T7-T12

48
Q

What do the medial branches of the lumbar dorsal rami supply?

A

Multifidi

49
Q

What do the lateral branches of the lumbar dorsal rami supply?

A
  • Erector spinae
  • Lateral branches of L1-L3 become cutaneous
50
Q

Ventral rami motor innervation

A

Hypaxial muscles including limbs

51
Q

Ventral rami cutaneous innervation

A

Most of the body except head and back

52
Q

Ventral rami plexuses

A
  • Cervical plexus
  • Brachial plexus
  • Lumbosacral plexus
53
Q

What does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

C2-C4, innervates neck, parts of the head and shoulders

54
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

C5-T1, innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

55
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus innervate?

A

L1-S4, innervates the pelvic girdle and lower limbs

56
Q

Areas of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatomes

57
Q

Dermatome C5-T1

A

Upper extremity

58
Q

Dermatome C5

A

Thumb

59
Q

Dermatome C7

A

Middle finger

60
Q

Dermatome C8

A

Pinky

61
Q

Dermatome T4

A

Nipple

62
Q

Dermatome T10

A

Umbilicus

63
Q

Dermatome L1-S2

A

Lower extremity

64
Q

Dermatome L1

A

Groin

65
Q

Dermatome L4

A

Shin and medial foot

66
Q

Dermatome L5

A

Lateral leg and top of foot

67
Q

Dermatome S1

A

Pinky toe and bottom of foot

68
Q

In the thoracic region, arteries are the dorsal branches of

A

The posterior intercostal arteries

69
Q

In the lumbar region, arteries are dorsal branches of

A

The four paired lumbar arteries

70
Q

Branches of the descending aorta

A
  • Posterior intercostal arteries (except the first two)
  • All lumbar arteries
71
Q

Circulatory system is composed of? Is this seriously a question?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Lymph vessels/nodes
  • Heart
72
Q

Central to circulatory system

A

Heart (duh)

73
Q

Receives de-oxygenated blood. Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation

A

Right side of the heart

74
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and returns it to the body

A

Left side of the heart

75
Q

Created by the union of blood channels.

A

Anastomoses

76
Q

Arteries branch to smaller…

A

Arterioles

77
Q

Arterioles give rise to…

A

Capillaries

78
Q

How thick are capillaries

A

So thick that yo mama…..I mean a single cell layer thick

79
Q

An alternative route of circulation to a body part created by anastomoses of arterial channels. Similarly, there may be collateral venous return created by anastomoses of venous channels

A

Collateral circulation

80
Q

Where is collateral circulation frequent?

A

Around joints of the limbs

81
Q

Anastomostic vessels proceeding from superior to inferior are termed

A

Collateral vessels

82
Q

Anastomostic vessels proceeding from inferior to superior are termed

A

Recurrent vessels

83
Q

From the right ventricle to the lungs to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary circulation

84
Q

From the left ventricle to the body to the right atrium

A

Systemic circulation

85
Q

Descending aorta above the diaphragm

A

Thoracic aorta

86
Q

Descending aorta below the diaphragm

A

Lumbar aorta

87
Q

Ascending aorta branches

A
  • Right coronary artery
  • Left coronary artery
88
Q

Direct branches of the arch of the aorta

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk (right)
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery
89
Q

Direct branches of the brachiocephalic trunk

A
  • Right common carotid artery
  • Right subclavian artery
90
Q

Direct branches of the right and left subclavian arteries

A
  • Vertebral artery
  • Thyrocervical trunk
  • Costocervical trunk
91
Q

Direct branches of the right and left common carotid arteries

A

Occipital artery

92
Q

Direct branches of the right thyrocervical trunk

A
  • Transverse cervical artery
  • Internal thoracic artery
93
Q

Direct branches of the right and left costocervical trunks

A
  • Highest intercostal
  • Deep cervical
94
Q

Direct branches of the left thyrocervical trunk

A

Transverse cervical artery

95
Q

Direct branches of the transverse cervical artery

A

Superficial and deep branches

96
Q

Direct branches of the internal thoracic artery (branch of the subclavian artery)

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

97
Q

Direct branches of the descending thoracic aorta

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

98
Q

Direct branches of the descending abdominal aorta

A

Lumbar arteries

99
Q

Venous return is via

A

Vena cava

100
Q

Venous return from the head and neck and upper limbs

A

Superior vena cava

101
Q

Venous return from abdomen and lower limbs

A

Inferior vena cava

102
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • Drains interstitial fluid from tissue spaces
  • Cleans and returns cellular waste to blood
  • Produces agranular leukocytes to develop immunity
103
Q

95% of the lymph content is drained from where?

A

GI tract

104
Q

Drains lymph to nodes

A

Afferent vessels

105
Q

Drains lymph from nodes to larger lymph channels

A

Efferent vessels

106
Q

Major lymph channel of the body

A

Thoracic duct

Gross Anatomy (8 decks)

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